Hispanic and Latino Americans Essay Example for Free

Hispanic and Latino Americans EssayThe numbers Legal Alien by Pat Mora is in the open poem form, it has no stanzas. It does have a few words that rhyme which argon English (5) and Spanish (6) and similarly with Mexicans (14) and then with Americans (15). The poem also has rhythm, it is a low steady beat. It is a straightforward poem just about how life is for a soulfulness with the same race/ethnicity as others and at the same sequence, different from others. The poem Legal Alien is about a woman of Mexican parents, who is born(p) and raised in America. An American citizen established by law, barely at the same time this person feels like an illegal alien because of how some people lot her.She is fluent in both, English and in Spanish. Feels American because she is, but at the same time she doesnt. She is looked at by Americans (Anglos) as inferior, and looked at by Mexicans like she doesnt belong. They make her feel like she is non one of them, like she doesnt fit anyw here. An American to Mexicans a Mexican to Americans a handy symbol sliding back and forth between the fringes of both worlds (14-18). What this means is that she feels like she could be from both places and at the same time from neither, but on the border of each.Happy, sad, confused, lost but at the same time she tries to cover all her feelings and what she is thinking by masking the discomfort (20) is that she has to grin and bear the fact that she is existence condemned for having two nationalities. After reading this poem over and over I can say that I have felt what the speaker mentions in the poem, I have been in her shoes. Yes its hard to weigh but if you think about it we are all different and at the same time we are all the same. For some people it is hard to accept people of different nationality, but the only function we can do is to move on.I am Mexican American, also bilingual, with two different cultures, born in America with Mexican parents. I think this poem Le gal Alien is a fiddling about racism which is everywhere and it has been around for a long time. I have felt looks from Mexicans and Americans, and to be honest it doesnt feel that good. But I think that the only thing we can do is to just let it go and live life at the fullest and accept everyone as they are. Race, color, religion, or hitherto language should not matter. In the end, and underneath of it all, we are all the same.

Teaching grammar Essay Example for Free

Teaching grammar hearThe question to teach or not to teach grammar has always been present for no clear conclude could ever be provided both sides, the advocates and opponents of teaching grammar, keep producing evidence to buttress their own views towards this issue. The former cogitate that grammar is an important component in language teaching, whereas the latter believe that language can be learnt holistic each(prenominal)y through with(predicate) the context without perspicuous instruction.What motivated me to address this question, whether grammar is important in second language teaching, is the claim of or so ioneer linguists, Krashen for example mentioned in Ellis, 1985 230, who maintain that learned knowledge can not convert into acquired knowledge and that spirit raising of grammar is neither a sufficient nor a necessary condition for mastery of another language. I was taught English in a country where English is a foreign language and I was taught explicit gram mar throughout all of my study stages.I can assert that the teaching of grammar could be of great back especially when interacted with communicative context even in later years. I can still curb rules that help me speak properly and accurately and I can claim by now that all the grammatical knowledge I learned in my study years has already converted into acquired knowledge. It is beyond doubt that ignoring such rules would be an obstacle in forming and uttering the simplest sentences in English.Native speakers of English, even when they have not studied grammar, can form accurate grammatical sentences because they unconsciously internalize grammar rules while they are increase up. There is a general consensus among learning theorists, educational psychologists, and teaching professionals that language is a rule-governed demeanour and it is a rule-bound system in both standard and non-standard varieties and in both spoken and written modes (Brindley, 1996 224). Cook, 2001 19 stat es that grammar is considered by many linguists the central area of language around which other areas such as orthoepy and vocabulary revolve.

Does Shakespeare successfully present Henry V Essay Example for Free

Does Shakespeare successfully present heat content V canvassMy interpretation of a hero is roundbody who is sincere and caring. They must be polite and well whilenered. individual who is strong and has a strong bequeath in a tough situation. A person who is heroic, fearless, brave bulge out and courageous all rolled into one. A person who isnt afraid to say what they believe in. They must be confident and determined to follow something through to the really(prenominal) end and to fight for what is theirs. A person who is a good speaker and can put their point across to an audience. They must be prepared to deliver sacrifices as part of their job.Although all of the above things are important attri alonees of a hero I ideate there are two more important attributes. The scratch line is to be loyal. To be loyal to your friends, family and expanse. Without consign custodyt there can never be trust. The second is the ability to change. To realise there is something w rong with you or your attitude and to do something near it. Ely and Canterbury talk about one of these attributes in Act one paroxysm one of the suffer. The ability to change. Shakespeare writes about one of the main attributes of a hero in the very foremost scene.When Canterbury looks back on the prospect of henry being a index he says that, The courses of his youth promised it not. Canterbury believes this because as a youth, His companies un allowtered, rude and shallow, His hours filled up with riots, banquets, sports, And never noted him any study. As henry grows senior though, never was much(prenominal) a sudden scholar made. hydrogen changes because he knew he had to. That takes determination and courage. No matter what anyone said he followed it through and did what he had to do.In the very first scene of the come across henry is already being talked about before we have even met him. Shakespeare has done this because he is better-looking Henry a real heros e ntrance, middling bid in any good film, he is recounting the audience who he is and what he does. Canterbury and Ely are setting the scene and trying to make his entrance attend melodramatic. Shakespeare does this to tell the audience that Henry is a well- spotn and well-talked about person. In other delivery Shakespeare is wake the audience that Henry is powerful.In Act one Scene two Henry is introduced to us for the first time. A first impression of him would be that he is very diplomatic and polite. Sure, we thank you. My learned lord, we request you to proceed. Later on in the scene though, when the French challenge him he does not bow it down. Henry is pondering whether to stake a claim to the French throne. When he is sent a mocking throw of, Tennis balls, my liege. He acts on his instincts and declares war on France. This is very brave because it leaves him open to criticism and it could turn out to be the wrong decision.In Act two Scene two Henry finds out that t hree of his lords, and friends, are traitors. He is upset by this, What shall I say to thee, Lord Scroop, thou cruel, Ingrateful, infuriated and inhu cosmos creature? Although they are his friends he knows that he must, Arrest them to answer to the law. They are his friends but akin any hero he must make sacrifices. Being a hero isnt just about fighting or being brave its also about debateing about and helping others. In Act three Scene one Shakespeare introduces Henry giving a moving vocabulary to his soldiers international the walls of Harfleur.Once more unto the breach, dear friends On, on you noble English Be copy now to men of grosser blood, And teach them how to war Cry God for Harry, England and Saint George Henry just doesnt go into battle and endure everybody to win. He knows how they must be feeling and he tries to encourage them. Henry also demonstrates that he is unstrained to do everything that his job entails. Shakespeare shows the audience another heroic q uality by, alternatively of sending one of Henrys soldiers to do something for him, he writes it so that Henry does it himself.This is shown in Act three Scene four when he says, How insofar resolves the governor of the town? This is the latest parle we will admit, Therefore to our best mercy give yourselves. Henrys strong words push the Governor of Harfleur to give in. As soon as Henry and his army are let into Harfleur he is present good initiative by already thinking about the next stage, Upon the soldiers, we will retire to Calais. Shakespeare shows the audience once again of Henrys heroism by showing us he can be polite and that he has good manners. How now, Llewellyn? Camest thou from the bridge? Although Henry is like a friend to his soldiers, just like a hero Shakespeare shows us that Henry must face up to his responsibilities. Bardolph has been caught stealing and he says, We would have all such offenders so cut off in our marches through the country there be nothing compelled from the villages. Even though things arent going as well as they should be Henry doesnt give up. In response to Montjoys offer for him to name his ransom he says, My army but a weak and sickly guard. Yet, God before, tell him we will come on Through France himself and such another neighbour stand in our way. Yet again in this extract of a speech Henry shows his strong beliefs in God. All of the above quotations came from Act three scene seven. Shakespeare makes the play very dramatic by using a chorus at the beginning of every act. These are very effective because it gives the audience a taster of what is going to happen but not enough to apologize the act fully. This means that the audience want to know what is going to happen and when something does happen it makes it all the more dramatic. In Act four Scene one Shakespeare presents us the audience, with Henrys many heroic qualities.Not showing any signs of worry or weariness he tries his best to raise the morale of his soldiers. There is some soul of goodness in things evil For our bad neighbour makes us early stirrers, Which is both orthomolecular and good husbandry. Henry also shows us like any hero or any person that he has feelings. He borrows a cloak and walks around the camp asking people what they think of him. King Then you are a better man than the king. Pistol the kings a bawock and a total of gold, a lad of conduct, an imp of fame, of parents good, of fist most valiant. Later on in an argument (while in disguise) with Bates Henry stresses, I think the king is but a man as I am. The violet smells to him as it doth to me. Shakespeare shows the audience that Henry has a different side to his personality, he is caring and understanding. Rather proclaim it, Westmorland, though my host That he which hath no stomach to this fight Let him depart. He then shows us that he isnt just all talk and that he is brave by saying, We few, we happy few, we band of brothers-For he instantly t hat sheds his blood with me Shall be my brother. Henry again refers back to his belief in God by saying, bugger off it, brave York. Now soldiers, march away, And how Thou pleasest, God, dispose the day. He shows us this in Act four Scene three. You know when someone is a real hero because another person compares him or her to an already famous hero. Shakespeare does this in Act four Scene seven when Llewellyn compares Henry to Alexander, If you mark Alexanders life well, Harry of Monmouths life is come after it in incident well. Later on Henry shows again that he does have feelings.All of the boys guarding the luggage have been killed, I was not angry since I came to France Until this instant. When Henry knows that they have won the battle he is not boastful this is another great attribute of a hero shown very clearly to the audience by Shakespeare. Instead he says, Praised be God, and not our strength, for it. He then shows that he is not afraid to show everybody his roots. I wear it for a memorable honour, For I am Welsh, you know, good countryman. Even though he is enjoying the moment of winning he has to get on with his job, Bring me just notice of the numbers dead On both our parts. Once again Henry refers to God, To boast of this, or to take that praise from God, Which is His only but with this acknowledgement, That God fought for us. During the battle Shakespeare uses another dramatic device by using very short scenes whilst everyone is fighting. This means that everything is constantly changing and the audience doesnt know what is going to happen next. It also builds up tension because Shakespeare is moving from one camp to the next. One beautiful you are in the French camp then the next you are in the English camp.after winning the battle Henry has to get back to his duties as king. Shakespeare shows the audience this side of Henry to show us that he is not just wrapped up in the glory of winning, he instead shows us that he is a true hero an d still will face up to his responsibilities. heartsease to this meeting, wherefor we are met. He then shows that a hero is just like any other man by trying to court the French kings daughter, Katherine. Fair Katherine if you will love me soundly with your French heart I will be glad to hear you confess it brokenly with your English tongueAn angel is like you And therefore tell me, most fair Katherine, will you have me? After agreeing the peace treaty Henry says, prepare we for our marriage The above quotations were taken from Act Five Scene Two. Overall I think Shakespeare has been very successful in presenting Henry as a hero. He is everything a hero could be. He has shown the audience that a hero could be sitting amongst them, that a hero is just an ordinary man or woman. The audience can relate to this because one day they themselves know that they could be a hero.I also think that the play was more effective in Elizabethan times than it is now. This is because when Shakespe are wrote this particular play Queen Elizabeth was coming to the end of a very successful rein and she had no one to acquire her. The Elizabethan community were very worried that there wouldnt be anybody as good to take over, curiously not a man. Shakespeare then wrote this play showing a truly heroic, male King. This raised the hopes of the Elizabethan people and made the play much more effective and much more popular.

Self-Esteem Self-Concept Essay Example for Free

Self-Esteem Self-Concept Es evidenceTwo psychological legal injury that are very commonly used interchangeably are egotism-concept and conceit, but in fact, there is a difference between the meanings of the terms. A persons self-concept is his knowledge astir(predicate) himself. Similar to how he can know other(a)(a) people, and known facts about how they tend to rally, and what they revere doing, and what their temperament is resembling, he can also know these things about himself. Some people have much stronger self-concepts than others, probably because possessing a self-concept in much detail requires notice on ones own self and behavior. Self-esteem, rather than being something that you know about yourself, is your general attitude toward yourself.It is in general measured on a scale from positive to negative, and your self-esteem is typically based on whether you think you are successful, a good person, smart, and so on. It can vary depending on the situation an d what has been going on lately, and any feedback you have gotten recently from your environment and people around you. The key difference between self-concept and self-esteem is that the addition of feelings. Self-concept is simply the informational side of things, where you know facts about what you are like. Self-esteem is how you feel about those things you know, like whether you enjoy the fact that you are talkative at parties (high self-esteem) or you think that you are annoying and deprivation to learn to shut up sometimes (low self-esteem).There are a variety of self-esteem set up that can come from the self-concept. Self-concept and self-esteem also have a lot in common though, by and large that they are reflective processes. They can be influenced not only by observing ones own self and behavior quarryly, but also by observing the reactions that other people have to you and your behavior, or imagining what other people might think of you, or what you would think of your self if you saw yourself from outside. In addition, self-concept and self-esteem can be developed through comparing oneself to those around you, and that is a big reason that self-esteem is raised or lowered.When you see that you are better at something than somebody else, then you will probably have high self-esteem because you see and understand your own value. What Can Hurt Self-Concept and Self-Esteem? Of course, having people inaccurately say bad things about you and your character, or make comparisons between you and people who are better than you at objective measures can both hurt self-esteem. Perhaps more interestingly, receiving rewards for doing actionscan actually change your self-concept. If there is something that you enjoy doing as a hobby, and then you get a full-time job doing that activity, you are likely to not enjoy it as a hobby as much or see it as an underlying part of yourself, but rather you will view yourself as somebody who does that professionally, but not for fun.

Psychological Disorders Essay Example for Free

Psychological Disorders Essay1. Does Katherines description catch the clinical criteria for a panic attack? Substantiate youranswer.A panic attack is describe as an unexpected period wherein the person suffers intense fear that occurs without warning or any reason. It is characterized by truncation of breath, palpitations, chest discomfort, trembling, choking feeling, intense sweating, nausea, dizziness, feelings of being unthinking from oneself, fear of going crazy, dying fears, numbness, and cold or hot flashes. For an episode to be considered a panic attack, the person has to meet four of the symptoms. In Katherines case, she described four of the symptoms to having a panic attack. She said that she felt dizzy, had difficulty breathing, was feeling nauseous, and felt the like she was detached from herself. From this, I believe Katherine had a panic attack.2. Does Katherine meet the criteria for a dissociative disorder? Explain.Dissociative disorders ar related to concer n disorders in the sense that they are also reactions to stress and anxiety factors. A dissociative person often ushers changes or losses in consciousness, storehouse, identity or environmental perception. In this case, the anxiety factor is clearly the visit to the parents house. For some unknown reason, the visit awakened buried memories. Although Katherine did not exhibit memory loss or shift, she experienced a change of perception in her environment.Based on how Katherine described her symptoms, I believe shes suffering from a dissociative disorder. Although Katherine does not display the usual memory loss and splitpersonality symptoms representative of dissociative disorders, she has, however, described that she feltseparated from her physical self, like she was outside looking in. She said that even if she was aware of driving the car, Katherine also felt like a different being who was just looking at another being driving the car. This seems to be a case of Depersonalizati on disorder.3. What other disorders does Katherine appear to have? Analyze.Its not clear whether Katherine was abused at a young age. But based from the way Katherine pictured her father coming up from behind her to round her, it would seem that a similar aftermath had occurred to her in the past. Either her father did the same to her as a child, or a man who resembles her father or has qualities similar to her father had done the same to her. As a result Katherine developed an acute stress disorder long after the traumatic upshot occurred.She went into panic on her way to her parents house. Apparently, the drive to her parents triggered unpleasant feelings. Perhaps the assault on her person happened in her parents house or in the nearby vicinity. Her avoidance of her parents, her admission of feeling estranged from them, and not permit them know about her plans support this assumption. Katherine uses avoidance to keep the panic attack at bay. Her avoidance is typical of others who are suffering from acute stress disorder. Katherines troubled sleep, irritability, and nightmares are the result of a traumatic event that she probably has buried in her consciousness.

Magazine Advertisement That Portrays Explicit Womens Imagery Media Essay

cartridge advertizing That Portrays Explicit Womens Imagery Media Essay ad had been regarded as unitary of the most effectual dialogue tools in persuading the audience to buy or to raise aw arness on product, issues or services. Advertisement is effective beca engross advertizing gives the audiences a basic knowledge of the product in just one picture. It attracts the audiences better because of the itinerary a message was presented. In this capitalism world, companies, big or sm entirely compete against each new(pre titular)wise to market their product. The fashionableity of their brand is the measurement of their successfulness in doing business. That is the reason most companies spends a large aggregate of money in advertising. In Malaysia, a total of RM 130881 mil was spent on publicizing gibe to the statistic information from Nielsen Malaysia Advertising Expenditure Report (November 2010). In gull media, especially in powder magazines, advertisement heed the mag azines. It completes the stories in the magazines and it gives the audience a subtle hint of what the magazine offers to the audiences.However, in most advertisement, media stereotypes happen in most advertisement. Advertisement develops a unique universe that might contain different messages about sexual activity than the articles and photo spreads that accompany them. (Carter, 2004)It shows that advertisement have greater influences towards the audience than the article. Most advertisement nowadays portrays a wide variety of media stereotypes against women. Women atomic number 18 frequently depicted in their traditional work such as a happy and diligent domestic worker, a loyal wife who waits at home for her preserve arrival from work and a nurturing mother. The except job that seems to be associated with women in advertisement is secretary, air hostess and nurse. It is unusual for advertisement to picture women in jobs such as pi serving, police or truck drivers.Stereotypi ng women children reflects a view of them as less mature, more emotional, and less competent that their staminate worker. (Krolkke, 2006, p.81)A discriminate from universe portrayed in their traditional ways, women nowadays be portrayed as sex objects. Almost all of the advertisement uses women to sell their merchandise in sexual ways regardless of types of magazines. Most magazines portrays woman in minimum clo niceg or semi nude. Such portrayal degrades womans dignity and arse install a maltreat perception into the audiences mind. It will in like manner strengthen the popular believe that women are subordinate to men and women are meant for serving men.In advertising, women and men act in stereotypical ways, portraying ideal female and male behavior. As such, they not only conceal how conceal how women and men really act barely as well function prescriptively to show how they should act. (Ibid,p.78)In this search, an digest on portrayal of women in advertisement (maga zines) will be done. The issue that will be highlighted is the frequency of women being portrayed in their traditional ways and in sexual ways. The other issue that will be highlighted is the reason such portrayal is being produce. tale OF PROBLEMMagazine is one of the media that we frequently use. Popular magazines can have millions of viewers and this means that magazine influence a lot of people establish on what they write and portray in the magazine. Advertisement is one of the major compartments in a magazine and a magazine could not function without it. limning of women is common in an advertisement. Be it as a social awareness advertisement or a car advertisement. The question now is how much advertisement in the magazines that portray women in their traditional roles and in sexual ways?Another question that arises is what kind of advertisement that uses women in their traditional ways and/or in sexual ways to promote their services or merchandise more? The visualization of advertisement changes according to the time and technology. But some advertisement even with these changes, stick to the original ways of advertising their services and products.As it was stated before, advertisement is one of the most powerful ways of persuading others. A lot of factors influences the way an advertisement is visualize. The portrayal of women images must have been caused by several of the factors. The question is why do advertisement uses such image?RESEARCH OBJECTIVETo determine the magazine that publishes advertisement that portrays explicit womens imagery.To meditate the types of advertisement that prone to using women in a traditional and/or explicit imagery in their advertisement.To identify the causes of such portrayal.SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYThe written report is important mainly to the public to create awareness. Advertisement is very influential and can affect the way we perceive things. Therefore, with this study, the public will have a better thought of ways to evaluate women with a better value than sex .in any event that, this study is withal important to women rights association to recognize types of advertisement that degrades womens dignity. This then would help them in urging the government to invite action on the ever increasing advertisements that devalue women. It is also important to the advertiser themselves so that they are cautious with their ways of advertising. This study is also important to the government so they can create and apply law to protect womens right.CHAPTER IILITERATURE REVIEW2.1. IntroductionA lot of studies had been done on advertisement and women. Mee- Eun Kang (1997) observed that most advertisement portrays women in a traditional way in print media. According to Eun-Kangs findings,images of women in 1991 advertisement did not significantly change from the images found in 1979 advertisement.Her findings indicated that advertisement in magazines did not change drastically. Women were passive port rays as housekeepers and a mother to a child. This however is relevant to that stratum because the second wave of feminism had just launched. The second wave of feminism started at the late sixties and early 1970s. Feminist were protesting against the beauty pageants. They were opposing with an assumption that the winner won because of how she look and not what she do and what they think about. There are three waves of feminism, the first wave emphasis in womens right in voting, the second wave is protesting on how the public view women generally and how the media portrayed inequality in portraying sexuality and the celebration of woman diversity and the introduction to the cyber girl is the third wave. Even though womens liberationist had launch a radical attack on the degrading ways of evaluating women, the changes are slow to pack place as media especially advertisement continue picturing women in a household. Her findings were strengthen by Atoff Nassif and Barrie Gunter (20 08) whose findings shows that women were strongly associated with household products. Products such as dishwasher liquid, clothes detergent and kitchen appliances product were strongly joined to women based on their study. Besides that, body products such as soap, shampoo and lotion are also associated with women. It is uncommon even until like a shot, men advertising body products unless the product is specifically for men.Ferguson, Kreshel and Tinkham (1990) justify the advertiser tactics with a statement that such portrayal is important to bring the advertiser and audiences together. What the advertiser had done was only taking what was socially known and accepted to the public. The real jobs of women according to social institution are to find care of their husband and children and keeping the house warm, nice and cozy. Mallika Das(2000) and Katharina Lindner (2004) found out that as time goes by, the portrayal of women in their traditional roles has decreased but the images of women in sexual ways increased. Their findings were strengthen by Julie M. Stankiewicz and Francine Rosselli (2007) study that shows 75.98% of women that appear in mens magazine, be it in articles, pictures and advertisement appear as sex objects.2.2 Media stereotypes against womenMedia stereotypes are a common workative of a person or a group of person. It generally put an understanding in everyone that certain people behave certain way traditionally. Media stereotypes can be problematic if they represent certain group of people women, for example in a negative way or confined them to certain behavior or jobs. It is unwise to have an understanding of certain people from the media as the media can be deceiving. As time goes by some of the stereotypical ways of seeing people are not applicable in the modern days. Knowledge and technology are always developing and by the increased of knowledge in hand, people will surely change along with time. Erving Goffman (1979) asserts that ,If anything,advertisers conventionalize our conventions, represent what is already a stylization, make frivolous use of what is already something considerably cut off from contextual controls. Their hype is hyper-ritualisation.According to him, the gender representation that we see is meaningful to us because they are ideal gender representations. It is what the society has taught us. Wonder Woman, Cat Woman, Storm, Rogue and Alice Cullen are the tough women in the media industries. They are strong but they still maintain perfect skin, are thin and wore quaint clothes. On the other hand, Cinderella, Snow gaberdine and Sleeping Beauty are women who are very hardworking, hate messy stuff, cooks and cleans for the family, friendly to everyone including animals, fair, beautiful and awaits for their prince witching(a) to come and swept their feet away. These two examples are the portrayal of women today and women in the past. Women today are portrayed as strong and in mutualist whil e women in the past are portrayed as dependent to the people (or animals) around them. But despite their differences, they were portrayed in a common way. Both women today and women in the past were portrayed as having a perfect skin, fair, beautiful and are using fashionable clothes. These women images that the narrator give is called the male gaze. According to Laura Mulvey (1975),In their traditional exhibitionist role women are concurrently looked at and displayed, with their appearance coded for strong visual and erotic impact so that they can be utter to connote to -be-looked-at-ness.She asserts that because the camera is dominated by male, the audiences view women in a patriarchal way. Women are being put on a pedestal because of this portrayal. Women across the country have the mentality that being thin is healthy and beautiful. Other investigators, Tom Reichert (2009) agrees with the statement by saying that both men and women are open to the decorative images that they value womens attractiveness more and devalue their intellect, skills and competencies.2.3 Women as sex objects.Today, we are bombarded with thousands and thousands of advertisement that shows women in provoking ways. According to Kilbourne (1999), sexual imagery nowadays is not only confined in vulgarism media, but also in advertisement. Advertisement now adopts some of the action from violent pornography. This then confirms other types of stereotypical views on women that are women are subordinated to men. She found that womans legs, breasts or thighs have always perplex the part to grab the viewers attention, making women are seen as objects rather than a human being. Their bodies and their sexuality become a sex object when they are connected to the product or services that the advertisement represents. Advertisements such as Lux, Rejoice, Dove and Enchanter have that effect. They will picture a woman using their product and in the advertisement, they reveal some skin. Parts s uch as shoulder and legs are always shown to the audiences. Almost all products that show women in revealing products suggest that the audiences can have sex-related benefit. For example, the Axe body sprays. In its young advertisement in the television, it shows that user grabs womans attention and the woman will automatically give the user her anticipate number. This advertisement suggests to us that, if you use this body spray, you too will get phone numbers from haphazard woman that pass you by.CHAPTER IIIMETHODOLOGYIntroductionThis study is done by using cognitive content abbreviation method as suggested by Barelson (1971) to analyze the portrayal of women in a general elicit magazine. Content analysis enables us to elaborate communication theories and to test the hypothesis of the study. It also can be used to compare the content of the media with the real situation. Barelson (1971) defined content analysis as a research technique with the purpose to give a systematic, o bjective and quantitative view on the communication content.From the definition, there are four important concepts that should be look upon which areObjective- achieved when we have a content analysis that were defined precisely. This means that the research depends on the rules and not the analyzer.Systematic-(1) A set of rules used in the equal way for all analyze content.(2) Category is formed so that all related content were analyze.(3) number analyze to save related data with the question or hypothesis.3. Quantitative- The sum of the frequency of the related advertisement being published.4. Content- Refers to whatever that is written and published in the media.3.2. Population and samplingThe population of this study is 72 magazines in Malaysia. Magazines include mens, womens, medical, sports, news and business. The magazine advertisement was the unit of analysis for this study. The method used to allot a archetype size is the non-probability sampling. Non-probability sampl ing is used because statistical procedure is not needed when selecting cases from assumption population. The type of non-probability sampling used is purposive sampling. In purposive sampling, the respondent are chosen based on the researchers own expertise and judgments that the particular sample fit into the characteristics of the populations. The first step in obtaining the sample is to browse through the book store for magazines. Then, dependent to the researchers judgment, he or she would choose any magazines that he or she thinks are relevant for the studies. In this research, advertisement that featured human subjects were collected from December 2010 to February 2011 popular magazines.Conceptualization of Variables (concepts)The type of variable quantity used in this research is independent variable. Independent variable is variable that is controlled and manipulated by the researcher. Types of magazines and advertisement are the main variables. Types of magazines are the various kind of magazine available for reckon pleasure. Types of advertisements are the various kind of advertisement used to promote product and services. The measurement for this variable is nominal measures. Nominal measures are variables whose attributes have only the characteristics of exhaustiveness and mutually exclusiveness.3.5. Data AnalysisThis study uses descriptive analysis for the data analysis based on descriptive statistics collected from the selected advertisement. The descriptive statistics that will be use is multivariate statistics. Multivariate statistics is statistics that shows relationship between three or more variables. Researchers can determine if the bivariate relationship is true or not by putting a variable as a control variable. The variables that can be use for this study are types of magazine and the frequency stereotypes happen in advertisement. Elaboration on the relationship and effects each variable has with the help of example will be used to su pport findings in the research. Mean percentage will be used to calculate the relationship. Besides that ANOVA will be used to measure the independent variables. The independent variables are types of magazines, types of advertisement and causes of imagery.3.6. methodological IssuesThe issues arise when doing this research is the financial constraint. Researcher has to buy all the magazines related to the subject. There are a lot of magazines and the prices differ according to the material used to make the magazine and the thickness of the book. With limited budget, the researcher will not be able to buy all of the magazines.Time constraint is also one of the issue arise when doing this assignment. Magazines are only published once or twice a calendar month and with the deadline coming nearer, researcher cant afford any delay in doing his/her research. Other than that, researcher still has to attend class while conducting the research. Researcher need to manage his/her time efficien tly so that it practise disturb his/her study time and research time.The availability of related magazines is also an issue to the researcher. Some bookshop does not sell magazines and some bookstore has limited types of magazines. This resulting in researcher to have limited data on his/her research.Researcher also faced with problems such as not knowing the overall fixture of each bookstore. Since researcher is not originated from this place, the knowledge of location of bookstore is limited.

Human Trafficking Legal Provisions and Government Responses

gentle Trafficking Legal Provisions and judicature Responses1. The trafficking of women, drugs and diamonds involve huge topics of individuals and groups, in that location is a higher degree of transnationalism and trade patterns argon very complex. There are thousands of human traffickers run independently within relatively hierarchical groups and exploit tens of thousands of women and girls often in cross border operations that violate countries sovereignty. Under international jurisprudence governments are obligated to protect their citizens from being trafficked through policies and platformmes that coach at retardion and rampart of victims.2. A review of the laws and provender of discordant countries provides an impression of the growing knowingness and recognition of the abridges relating to trafficking across the world. Most of these countries have made driving forces to amend their existing laws or to introduce sensitive rule in consonance with international instruments.3. Most European countries and US have adopted legislation against human trafficking. The same holds good for atomic number 16 and South East Asian countries including India and her neighbours. Infact in March 1998 in recognition of International Womens Day President Clinton issued an Executive Memorandum on Steps to Combat Trafficking that pledges to fall upon trafficking in women and girls with a focus on areas of prostitution, victim assistance and protection, and enforcement. The role that various government epochncies provide play is also outlined.International Framework of LawsAn overview of select protocols and conventions that regulate trafficking at the international level is listed at Appendix E- International Framework of Laws Related to Trafficking.Regional Legal InstrumentsThe framework of law in countries of South Asia is listed at Appendix F- Legal Framework in South Asian Countries.India Initiatives to fall upon trafficking4. Prevention and com bat ing Trafficking of homo stimulateual Beings has received the highest priority in India and as the problem is multi dimensional, we have adopted a multi-pronged strategy to acknowledgment the issue. Indias improvement to combating trafficking is holistic, participative and inclusive and is not just restricted to primary or direct intervention against trafficking exactly seeks to eradicate the menace through empowering the potential victims.4.1 fundamental and Legal Framework to address Trafficking4.1.1 India has a sensibly wide framework of laws enacted by the Parliament as well as around of the State legislatures in addition to the various constitutional provisions. These are listed in Appendix G Legal Framework to visit Trafficking in India.4.1.2 The premier legislation to tackle trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation is the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) twist, 1956. The Act is being amended in order to further strengthen the various provisions.Salient features of the amendments to ITPARe-defi ne the age of the child from 16 to 18 years.Deletion of sections, which re-victimize the victims.In-Camera proceedings in Courts to effectiveguard privacy of victims.Enhanced punishment for traffi ckers, brothel keepers, pimps etc.Punishment for persons who visit brothels for commercial sexual exploitation.Defi nition of traffi cking adopted from the UN communications protocol.Setting-up of Centre and State nodal administration in the States for preventing and combating offence of traffi cking through coordination, investigation, deliverance, rehabilitation, judicial support, research and training.4.2 International Commitments4.2.1 India is a signatory to a number of international instruments such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and its Optional Protocols Convention on expulsion of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime with its UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and P unish Trafficking in Persons, oddly Women and Children supplementing above Convention and Millennium Development Goals.4.2.2 It is also part of major SAARC initiatives for South Asia which let inSAARC Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution SAARC Convention on Regional arrangements for Promotion of Child public assistance in South Asia SAARC Charter where trafficking issues are to be addressed at regional level.4.3 Institutional MechanismsIndia has a federal set up where law enforcement and public order are primarily State subjects. However, the primal Government too shares responsibility with the States for tackling organized crime such as commercial sexual exploitation rests with the Ministry of Women and Child Development, while the Ministry of Labour deals with all matters tie in to labour. The Ministry of Home Affairs is responsible for ensuring the enforcement of the various legislations related to the criminal activity of trafficking An example of Centre State collaboration is the high-level Central Advisory mission to Combat Trafficking for Commercial Sexual Exploitation to deliberate on various aspects on trafficking and youngly has theorize Blue Print for Action in the area of Inter-State Rescue Protocol, Prevention, Rehabilitation, Health, Legislation and Management Information System.The Ministry of favorable Justice has taken initiatives to prepare a user-friendly system for speedy and effective restoration of missing, abducted/kidnapped and shoo-in children to their families. As there is a direct linkage between missing persons and trafficking. Therefore, a concerted effort to address the issue of missing women and children will be of immense use and help in preventing and combating trafficking.The Government of India has also set-up autonomous organizations such as National Human Rights perpetration, National management for Women and National Commission for Protection of Child Rights, which seek to protect the rights of women and children.Policies and ProtocolsNational Plan of Action to Prevent and Combat Human Trafficking with special focus on Children and Women was formulated in 1998, with the objective of mainstreaming and re-integrating women and child victims of commercial sexual exploitation in to the community.The National Plan of Action for Children, 2005 commits itself to ensure that all rights of all children up to the age of 18 years are protected.National Policy for authority of Women, 2001 aims to bring about the advancement, development and empowerment of women.Protocol for Pre-rescue, Rescue and Post-rescue Operations of Child Victims of Trafficking for the Purpose of Commercial Sexual Exploitation provides guidelines for enforcement agencies and NGOs abstruse in the rescue of victims from their place of exploitation, medical and legal procedures to be followed and rehabilitative measures to be provided to the victims.Protocol on Prevention, Res cue, Repatriation and Rehabilitation of Trafficked and migratory Child Labour aims to ensure smooth rescue, repatriation and rehabilitation of trafficked and migrant child labour.A blue release of action in interalia the following areas has also been developedProtocol on Inter-State Rescue and Post-rescue Activities Relating to Trafficked Persons providing guidelines to the State Governments on the inter-state rescue operations, the modalities involved, precautions to be undertaken and responsibility of various stakeholders in providing services to the rescued victim.Prevention of Trafficking of Women and Children It provides for various steps to be undertaken to prevent trafficking of women and children for commercial sexual exploitation and includes formation of adolescent groups and community vigilance groups, anti-trafficking regional networks, appropriate interventions that should be taken up in brothel areas to prevent second- extension prostitution, special measures targe ting those communities conventionally involved in commercial sex work and rehabilitation of women who have become old to carry on the profession and are in need of care and protection.Rehabilitation of Victims of Traffi cking It provides for action points related to areas of rehabilitation such as care and support programmes, community based rehabilitation, custody of victims, education and skill expression of victims and their supreme rehabilitation in the society.Human Trafficking Management Information System (HTMIS) provides a format for enforcement agencies to collect information on trafficked victims and traffickers.Programmes and SchemesThe Ministry of Women and Child Development runs Shelter homes (Swadhar and Short Stay Homes) for women in difficult circumstances. These also run to rescued trafficked victims and provides for shelter, food, clothing for women and children, counseling, clinical, medical, legal and other support, training and economic rehabilitation and helpline facilities.A relatively recent sheme known as Ujjawala (Radiance of light) is a Comprehensive Scheme for Prevention of Trafficking and Rescue, Rehabilitation and Re-integration of Victims of Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation.Dhanalakshmi, is a conditional cash transfer scheme for girl child with insurance cover linked to various milestones in a girls life. It is expected that the scheme would ensure that the girl child is not only born(p) but also that she is enrolled and retained in school which would decrease her vulnerability to traffi cking, child labour, child wedding etc.The Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS) scheme aims to provide for children in conflict with law and children in need of care and protection improved institutional care, quality non-institutional, adoption and alternative care, management and family support, training and capacity building, CHILDLINE services ,child tracking system and website for missing children.While programs and schemes to rehabilitate and reintegrate victims of trafficking are no doubt important, the mechanisms to prevent the occurrence of trafficking or to create an enabling environment to prevent trafficking is as if not more important. This is particularly important as trafficking is essentially a developmental issue.Economic Empowerment of women Poverty makes women and children vulnerable to trafficking. Hence poverty alleviation programs feature high in the list to combat trafficking and at the same time achieve economic empowerment. India has embarked on massive poverty alleviation and income generation programs where women beneficiaries are signifi butt phrasetly involved. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme ensures at least c days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year with 30% reservation for women beneficiaries. defy to Training and Employment Programme for Women provides updated skills and new knowledge to sad and asset less women in the traditio nal sectors such as dairy development, animal husbandry sericulture, handloom and social forestry.The Self Help Group (SHG) course and linking such groups to credit facilities especially micro credit facilities is effectively used in India for both(prenominal) poverty reduction and a conduit for routing a wide range of social development messages and schemes.. The scheme of Swayamsidha Priyadarshini etc are some such schemes based on mobilization of women into Self-Help Groups. The Rashtriya Mahila Kosh an exclusive micro credit agency for women which provides credit to poor and asset-less women in the informal sector.Social and Political Empowerment of WomenEconomic empowerment of women ejectnot deliver desired outcomes unless judiciously combined with social and political empowerment. Education was made a Fundamental Right through the 86th Constitutional Amendment. Universalization of Elementary Education, namely the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, has a pronounced gender focus, and cre ates an enabling environment for encouraging more and more girls to attend schools with various incentives. The National Rural Health Mission aims to improve the availability of and access to equitable, cheap and effective health care to rural people especially poor women and children.To tackle discrimination in the provision of adequate and timely sustentation the National Nutrition Mission addresses the problems of malnutrition in a holistic manner. The Food and Nutrition Board of the MWCD has regional centers and community food and nutrition education units for mass awareness, nutrition education etc. for women and children.The program for Integrated Child Development Services is the largest child care program where children below 6 years and their mothers are provided nutritional and immunization health inputs. In this dish out, the programme enables an in-built tracking system to ensure the well-being and safety of the beneficiaries. Adolescent girls are highly prone to many forms of fierceness and abuse especially trafficking . Specific interventions for the welfare of these girls is undertaken through Nutrition Programme for Adolescent Girls where under-weight girls are provided with special food grains per month. Similarly the Kishori Shakti Yojana program aims at holistic improvement of these girls and equipping them with vocational skills so that they can be gainfully engaged.Political empowerment-Indias concern for safeguarding the democratic rights and privileges of women finds its better expression in the Constitution of India with provisions which empower the State to make affirmative discrimination in favour of women. In a importantly gender empowering measure, the 73rd and 74th Amendments to the Constitution, enabled a 1/3rd reservation of seats for women in the local governance or Panchayat Raj Institutions in the rural and urban areas. These special measures ushered in nearly 1 million women in the electoral fora and decision-making bod ies.Gender Budgeting -To ensure that all facets and sectors of the economy are gender sensitive the Government has initiated the crop of Gender budgeting which encompasses incorporating a gender perspective and sensitiveness in all sectors be it economic or social.Training and Capacity BuildingAs the tasks for combating trafficking is to be performed by multi stakeholders, the government has laid stress on training and capacity building of different stakeholders such as NGOs, police, Social Workers, Medical Officers, Judiciary and Counselors with spaciotemporal resource material and communication strategies.Cross borderOne of the concerns of the Government of India is the problem associated with cross-border trafficking. The Regional assess Force of SAARC for implementation of the SAARC Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution met for the first time in newly Delhi on 26th June, 07 in New Delhi. The decisions taken in the SAARC Me eting included sharing best practices, setting up a toll free phone number for use of victims, capacity building and training programmes, wherever possible harmonizing national legislations to tackle trafficking and development of Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for operationalising the Convention, including repatriation of victims.To address the issue of cross-border trafficking between India and Bangladesh, the Ministry of Women and Child Development in collaboration with Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry of External Affairs, UNICEF and Bangladesh Counterparts are in the process for formulating and finalizing a victim friendly Roadmap and Joint Plan of Action for safe, humane and quick repatriation of trafficked victims. Under this, both Indian and Bangladesh have identified that their respective Ministry of Home Affairs would be the focal point for repatriation of trafficked victims. The roadmap and joint plan of action would includestreamlining procedures and processes for safe and quick repatriation of cross border victims to and from Bangladeshdevelop uniform checklists/ proformas /guidelines/protocols/ faux pas management systems for identification/ registration /interviewing make appropriate provisions for the care and maintenance of children during the repatriation process set ahead exchange of technical skills, especially of skill training/capacity building set up safe, guarantee transit points /transit camps at border with adequate physical facilities.Given the seriousness of the trans-border trafficking scenario on the borders, user interface has been organised between the law-enforcement officials, NGOs, etc. at various places. For example, a meeting are held between Indian officials and the appropriate authorities in Nepal and Bangladesh.Holistic Approach to TraffickingTo formulate a more holistic polity and program for trafficking in persons which will incorporate all forms of trafficking (such as sexual exploitation, child labour, bond ed labour, organ trade etc) and enable an integrated approach to tackle the problem, the MWCD in collaboration with Ministry of Home Affairs, National Human Rights Commission and National Commission for Women is formulating an Integrated Plan of Action to Prevent and Combat Trafficking of Human Beings, with special focus on Women and Children.International CooperationYou will all agree that International collaborations, co-operations and sharing of knowledge and information are key to address the global ramifications of trafficking. In all our efforts, our UN partners have been very proactive.The UNODC GIFT programme aims in the South Asia Region to heighten the awareness on the various facets of trafficking. The Delhi Declaration as a cooperative effort between GOI and UNODC has avery strong commitment to protect all children from sexual exploitation and stringent measures against sex selection and violence against the girl child, evolve a synergistic approach in dealing with traf ficking issues, sign demand for prostitution, use of child labour, forced labour and to strengthen the collaborative efforts of NGOs, local Governments, and other institutions to prevent all forms of trafficking.In conclusion, it can be stated that the Union Government and the state governments have taken several initiatives to address the various issues related to the trafficking of women and children. The Plan of Action by the Union Government and their observe of the implementation of the programmes in the states have made a notable impact in addressing several aspects of prevention, protection and prosecution. There is clearly an undercurrent of gender discrimination and consequent exploitation in human trafficking. This can be addressed only if the issue of gender is integrated with schemes, programmes and policies in all the relevant sectors. Counter-trafficking measures, especially those relating to prevention and rehabilitation, should be integrated with the policies and p rogrammes of all the related departments. Only such a holistic approach can, in the long run, provide the required empowerment to women and children, especially those in vulnerable circumstances, and equip them with safe livelihood options, rights awareness and guarantee against exploitation.