Newari Social and Cultural Connections to the Weather and Climate :: Nepal Religion Culture Essays Papers

Newari Social and Cultural Connections to the Weather and Climate The Newari people incorporate different aspects of the weather and humour of Kathmandu Valley into their insouciant lives. One of the most prevalent ways the weather and modality affects their lives is through religious practices and beliefs. The Newari people, who practice Buddhism and Hinduism, are very religious and traditional people, and not a month goes by that there isnt some special festival that is being celebrated by them. Three of these important festivals revolve around the role climate and weather play in the lives of the people. Gunla Dharma, which is celebrated during a month from the middle of August to the middle of September, is a holy Buddhist month. During Gunla Dharma, the people are undeniable to visit a number of monasteries, shrines and other prayer courtyards. This festival takes place during the monsoon season, which would generally be a hindrance to the people, but they a re mandated to make these pilgrimages no matter what the weather is and how hard it might be raining. Gathan Mugah is another festival that takes place in August, and is based off of Nepals monsoon season. Since the farmers are very busy running(a) the fields and tending crops during the rainy season, they often dont have the time to clean their homes or even bathe. During Gathan Mugah, which is known as the festival of cleaning, everyone in Kathmandu Valley cleans out their homes from corner to corner, fumigates the houses by burning incense to get rid of insects, does their laundry, bathes, and throws out the old toys of children. The most important festival of the division is also one that deals mainly with the weather and climate of Kathmandu Valley. Yanya Punhi is the festival of Indra, who is the god of rain and heaven. He is worshipped for bearing good weather on Kathmandu Valley and, subsequently, providing a good crop for the people. Each of these festivals is attr ibuted to the weather of Nepal, and is extremely important to the culture of the Newari people. The Newari peoples adaptation to the weather and climate of Nepal is also obvious in their food and clothing choices.

Charles De Galle Essay -- essays research papers

Charles de Gaulle was born in Lille, France, on Nov. 22, 1890, the son of a teacher of philosophy and literature at a Jesuit college. From early childhood he took an interest in reading. Fascinated by history, he formed an almost mystical formation of renovation to France. De Gaulle graduated from the Ecole Militaire of Saint-Cyr in 1912 and joined an infantry division. In World War I he was wounded and captured at Douaumont in the Battle of Verdun in March 1916. As a war prisoner, he wrote his first book, published in 1924 called La discorde chez lennemi. He served on Marshal Henri Philippe Petains staff wherefore with the French army in the Rhineland, and later in Lebanon. On April 7, 1921 de Gaulle married Yvonne Vendroux and they had their first child, a son, on December 28. Their daughter, Elisabeth was born on May fifteenth 1924.In the 1930s de Gaulle wrote many books and articles on military subjects that showed how much of a good writer and thinker he was. In 1931 he publi shed Le fil de lepee or the The Edge of the Sword, an investigation of military and political leadership. He also published Vers larmee de metier or later called The Army of the Future and La France et son armee or France and Her Army. He fought for the better uses of armored mobility and air power, because he felt it would provide better defenses than fixed fortifications such as the Maginot Line. His theories were refused by the military and by left-of-center leaders.At the out...

Modern Day versus Civil War Racism in America :: Race

Today racism muted exists, but not to the extent that it did during Civil War times. There is still the same amount if not more racism today even though it is very subtle in how it is displayed and also, due to laws that protect US citizens from it. racial discrimination hobo be displayed through the media, marriage, and even at public schools. Usually television commercials are used to bring the good out of disparate products and the mint that consume or sell the product, but sometimes the commercial will bring out the good in the product, but bring out the disadvantageously in the person. One example of this kind of advertisement would be a McDonalds commercial that aired not too long ago. The setting was in a McDonalds restaurant with two young, blank males. Each talking about how great a chicken dish was off the 1.00 Menu, but at the same time some foul language was being bleeped out. This helps contribute to some peoples beliefs that all black men do not care about t he use of their language in public. Although, the use of foul language from rap music may trigger this, but how racist can this get?The media will also show racism in everyday situations. During a 20/20 episode that aired lately there were different situations that helped bring out the racism in everyday, white Americans. The first situations were about a group of young, white, puerile boys that stated to vandalize a car in this parking lot. During this several bystanders took a look and kept on walking by and only some people called the police. The second scenario was another group of teenage boys, but this time they were black. The setting was in the same parking lot, but there was not vandalism going on these young boys were just dormancy in the car. Again several white bystanders walked by and almost all of them called the police on the sleeping boys. These young men were just taking a nap in their car, not causing any problems. The third and last scenario was the sam e black boys, but this time they were vandalizing a car and every champion one of the bystanders called the police like the world was going to end if they did not. This shows the racism when it comes to the difference between white and black men in certain situations.

Finding True Freedom in Kate Chopins The Awakening Essay -- Chopin A

Finding accepted Freedom in The Awakening Kate Chopins novel, The Awakening details the endeavors of heroine Edna Pontellier to cope with the realization that she is non, nor can she always be, the woman she wants to be. Edna has settled for less. She is married for all the wrong reasons, saddle with the burden of motherhood, and trapped by social roles that would never release her. The passage below is al i one of the numerous partial(p) and exquisitely sensory passages that identify Ednas soul to the reader. The voice of the sea is seductive never ceasing, whispering, dancing, murmuring, inviting the soul to wander for a spell in abysses of solitude to lose itself in mazes of innermost contemplation. The voice of the sea speaks to the soul. The touch of the sea is sensuous, enfolding the body in its soft, close embrace.(32) When Ednas one chance for change her only hope, Robert, deserts her, she realizes that her dreams are unachievable. It is this persistent acceptance th at steals our heroines locomote shard of optimism from her. Edna Pontelliers suicide is completely believable, justifiable, and understandable. This world was too cruel for her tender spirit this life too stifling for her to bear. None of this surprises me. How many women (or men, for that matter) go through life with their eyes closed? How many find it easier to simply boot out out the ugliness and horror that surrounds them? Finally seeing the marked-up existence they are a part of can simply be too very much for many to sustain. Utter despair and hopelessness soon polish that fragile soul, with frailty too great for this existence. Mr. Pontelliers thoughts reveal much about Ednas nature to us, and mayhap most of her mistakes as well. He feels that his wife... ... The social roles she was trying to don away from would never really have released her. Leonce and the childrenwere a part of her life. But they need not have thought that they could possess her, body and soul (13 7). I find myself wishing that she had never opened her eyes that she could have lived out her days bliss justy ignorant of the circumstances which bound her. This being impossible, even much than the idea of a life of her own, Edna chose the only possible option to escape from an existence full of unfulfilled desires and unhappiness. Edna re-enters the sea scene of her first taste of tycoon and emancipation. She returns because it offers her the only other possible freedom she is allowed the freedom of death. It is not an act of weakness, or love storyit is that of a woman claiming her liberty, her strengthand her selfone last time. Finding True Freedom in Kate Chopins The Awakening Essay -- Chopin AFinding True Freedom in The Awakening Kate Chopins novel, The Awakening details the endeavors of heroine Edna Pontellier to cope with the realization that she is not, nor can she ever be, the woman she wants to be. Edna has settled for less. She is married for al l the wrong reasons, saddled with the burden of motherhood, and trapped by social roles that would never release her. The passage below is only one of the many tender and exquisitely sensory passages that reveal Ednas soul to the reader. The voice of the sea is seductive never ceasing, whispering, dancing, murmuring, inviting the soul to wander for a spell in abysses of solitude to lose itself in mazes of inward contemplation. The voice of the sea speaks to the soul. The touch of the sea is sensuous, enfolding the body in its soft, close embrace.(32) When Ednas one chance for change her only hope, Robert, deserts her, she realizes that her dreams are unachievable. It is this grim acceptance that steals our heroines last shard of optimism from her. Edna Pontelliers suicide is completely believable, justifiable, and understandable. This world was too cruel for her tender spirit this life too stifling for her to bear. None of this surprises me. How many women (or men, for that matter) go through life with their eyes closed? How many find it easier to simply shut out the ugliness and horror that surrounds them? Finally seeing the loathsome existence they are a part of can simply be too much for many to sustain. Utter despair and hopelessness soon devour that fragile soul, with frailty too great for this existence. Mr. Pontelliers thoughts reveal much about Ednas nature to us, and perhaps most of her mistakes as well. He feels that his wife... ... The social roles she was trying to break away from would never really have released her. Leonce and the childrenwere a part of her life. But they need not have thought that they could possess her, body and soul (137). I find myself wishing that she had never opened her eyes that she could have lived out her days blissfully ignorant of the circumstances which bound her. This being impossible, even more than the idea of a life of her own, Edna chose the only possible option to escape from an existence full of unfulfilled desires and unhappiness. Edna re-enters the sea scene of her first taste of power and emancipation. She returns because it offers her the only other possible freedom she is allowed the freedom of death. It is not an act of weakness, or romanticismit is that of a woman claiming her liberty, her strengthand her selfone last time.

Romanian Adoption :: Romania Adoption Adopted

Romanian AdoptionAbstract During my explore on Romanian Adoption, I first believed that the law had no relevance and was just a stupid law so that Romania could get into the European Union. However, during my research I saw that Romania did collapse the children at interest but the law was too extreme. The law has both upsides and downsides to it. The most effective and persuasive evidence that I have found is the letter from Emma Nicholson. This quote is pretty strongAdoption is the giving of a family to a child and not a child to a family. This statement was made by the Stratsburg Court when they ruled in favor of the two Romanian girls who wished to stay in Romania but was adopted against their wishes. Even though I do not agree with Emma Nicholson completely, she is very persuasive and she makes very strong claims. Emma Nicholson does not live in Romania but she is very concerned about the children of Romania. Since she doesnt live in Romania she doesnt h ave too much concern for the country which makes her seem she is more for the children. I understand that Romania does not want to be a baffle producer for other countries and I understand that European Union was threatening Romania about adoptions and I also understand that child trafficking is a problem in Romania. I do believe that Romania has interest for the child but the law is too harsh and some exceptions should be made to the law. The process of the assignment was tiring. Although in that location was not much more to do then research, pulling all the research together into one cohesive paper was tiring. My most valuable research tool was the internet. With my topic there were not any books. Most of my research was done on the database search on the Penrose Library. But I did have a lot of research through the US embassy and Joint Council. During my research I learned a lot about the history of Romania. I learned that the divest problem in Romania was because of the Communist Regime and the Dictator.

Romanian Adoption :: Romania Adoption Adopted

Romanian AdoptionAbstract During my research on Romanian Adoption, I first believed that the law had no relevance and was just a stupid law so that Romania could get into the European Union. However, during my research I see that Romania did turn in the children at interest but the law was too extreme. The law has both upsides and downsides to it. The most effective and persuasive evidence that I have put up is the letter from Emma Nicholson. This quote is pretty strongAdoption is the giving of a family to a child and not a child to a family. This statement was make by the Stratsburg Court when they ruled in favor of the two Romanian girls who wished to stay in Romania but was adopted against their wishes. Even though I do not agree with Emma Nicholson completely, she is very persuasive and she makes very strong claims. Emma Nicholson does not know in Romania but she is very concerned about the children of Romania. Since she doesnt live in Romania she doesn t have too much concern for the country which makes her seem she is more for the children. I understand that Romania does not want to be a baby producer for other countries and I understand that European Union was threatening Romania about adoptions and I also understand that child trafficking is a task in Romania. I do believe that Romania has interest for the child but the law is too harsh and some exceptions should be made to the law. The process of the concession was tiring. Although there was not much more to do then research, pulling all the research together into one cohesive paper was tiring. My most valuable research tool was the internet. With my topic there were not any books. Most of my research was done on the database search on the Penrose Library. But I did have a lot of research through the US embassy and Joint Council. During my research I conditioned a lot about the history of Romania. I learned that the orphan problem in Romania was becau se of the Communist Regime and the Dictator.

China as a Member of the TRIPs Agreement: on the Path of Implementation Essay

The multilateral trading dodging in the world has been governed by the General engagement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) for much than 50 course of instructions . The GATT was commenced in 1947 . Its capital punishment became a powerful spur to advancement of world merchandise due to promotion of free craftsmanship which contributes strikingly to world economic growth and sustainable victimization. The World Trade Organization (WTO) became the successor of the GATT organism realized by the Uruguay Round the last trade round launched to a greater extent than fifteen years ago. It was the most ambitious thus far, and some of its agreements argon still being implemented. Tariffs reduction had encompassed much more world saving sectors than during the previous rounds.The documents choose by the Uruguay Round established that quantitative restrictions would be actu onlyy eliminated by 2005. The round has developed regulations of the international trade applying to areas being ea rlier outside of the adequate control or coped by week rules. Especially it concerns the trade think intellectual property rights (TRIPs). In the course of the Uruguay round maturation countries played a more active role than in previous rounds and adopted the identical WTO agreements as other members as part of the rounds single undertaking nothing is agreed until e actuallything is agreed.To date the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of expert berth Rights (TRIPs Agreement) seems to be the most universal international covenant on intellectual property rights (IPRs) regulation. It was an integral part of the Agreement establishing the WTO, comprising Annexe 1C to that Agreement and replenished the radical World sharp Property Organization (WIPO) practices with essential liabilities in the framework of WTO subjects .This agreement implemented new rules presupposing both advantages and expenses for the participants of international markets. Its implementation undoubtedl y constitutes a toil far from being easy, peculiarly for less developed countries. The TRIPs Agreement imposes plastered provinces upon the latter to adopt legislation that protects clears for inventions.As one of the multilateral trade agreements, it is binding on all members and hence also a crack of membership for countries which have not yet joined the WTO. Such a condition is a significant one for countries seeking to join the WTO such as the lots Re earthly concern of china. Here we will explore this coun sieves involvement into the process of adjusting its laws to conform to TRIPs, especially in the field of homelys certificate, evaluate its successes and faults on this path, consider the impact of those changes and make the conclusions concerning possible slipway of acceleration and optimisation of implementation process.The Obligations of the TRIPs Agreement MembersThe TRIPs Agreement came into effect in 1995. It entai take standards concerning the availability , scope and role of IPRs in all categories of intellectual property, namely copyright and related rights, trademarks, geographical indications, industrial designs, patents, layout-designs of integrated circuits, protection of undisclosed selective information . Article 27 (Part II Section 5) of the TRIPs deals with patentable subject matter, stating the spheres of patents availability in member countries (hereinafter referred to as a member) transparents shall be usable for any inventions, whether products or processes, in all fields of technology, provided that they are new, involve an inventive step and are capable of industrial application. Patents shall be available and patent rights enjoyable without discrimination as to the place of invention, the field of technology and whether products are imported or locally produced.The next article determines the exclusive rights which should be granted upon the patents issued in a member. It imposes on the member the obligation to fo restall third parties from using neither the patented product nor the patented process anyway without its owners permission. For his turn, the owner has the right to assign or transfer the patent. What is an important aspect for the underdeveloped countries, the member has to inquire the patent applicant intimately the information as to the applicants corresponding irrelevant applications and grants to prevent patents duplication.Exemption from such obligation in regards to crossborder use hold out only very specified cases as for example those of a national emergency or other circumstances of extreme urgency or of public non-commercial use (Article 31 (b)) subject to prompt informing of the right holder. The competent authority of the member should have power to consider applying such exemption to certain cases and possible duration of the above mentioned circumstances. Officially standted legitimacy of any decision relating to the permission of such use should be subject to judicial review or other independent review by the competent authority of the member. In cases when the permission to utilize the patent is obtained, the member is to provide the following prerequisites(i) the invention claimed in the second patent shall involve an important technical advance of considerable economic significance in relation to the invention claimed in the first patent (ii) the owner of the first patent shall be entitled to a cross-license on reasonable terms to use the invention claimed in the second patent and (iii) the use authorized in respect of the first patent shall be non-assignable except with the assignment of the second patent (Article 31 (l)).Upon Article 32 the member has the obligation to make available the opportunity for legal review of any decision made on recalling or forfeiting the patent.In the TRIPS agreement there is a very accurate definition of duration of the patents protection twenty years from the date of registration (Article 33). In th e cases of infringement of the patent owners rights as regards to patents for processes leading to generation of the product the agreement calls for the members to empower the corresponding legal authority to require the proved information about the difference surrounded by such process and those for manufacturing the identical product (Article 34).For the realization of the above concerned obligations the TRIPS agreement anticipates specified enforcement procedures which should be available in the members to strive against infringements of IPRs. Those include lively remedies to prevent infringements and remedies which constitute a deterrent to further infringements which are to be applied by means excluding the creation of barriers to legitimate trade and to provide for safeguards against their pace (Article 41.1).The Developing Countries Advantages upon the TRIPs AgreementThe main motives behind the move of the governments of many nations, and in particular, of developing count ries, to enter the TRIPs Agreement had been, firstly, the fact of steady raising in developing countries exports of industrial goods into markets where earlier only developed countries were present which, in turn, made the latter to rely more heavily on their comparative advantage in the production of intellectual property and, secondly, rather high expenditures involved by hightech companies in different countries for research, design and phylogeny of knowhow spurred them to try to find international protection of intellectual property rights.In general, the WTO agreements apply several instruments to make available some advantages to developing countries. Among them there are distinguishing of their interests without appalling any officially authorized obligations upon them reducing their liabilities on some agreements in comparison with those of developed countries (which let them to protect their domestic markets more effectively). Some of the WTO agreements permit them longe r implementation periods for certain obligations. In many WTO disciplines there are agreements encompassing provisions for technical assistance from developed countries to developing countries. All those are aimed at facilitation of transitional processes in the latter and giving them a chance to overtake the former.Like other parts of the WTO agreement, the TRIPs agreement grants the substantial preference to developing countries they had four years for implementation of the agreement provisions (until the beginning of 2000), moreover this term became subject to prolongation to ten years (until 1 January 2005) for technology sectors where no previous IP protection accorded.The preferences for developing countries look adequate enough, and it is obvious that developing countries would derive benefit from implementation of efficient IPRs protection stipulated by the TRIPs agreement. Obtaining high levels of intellectual property protection should lead to larger innovation globally from which all gain. It will stimulate attraction of more foreign direct investment (FDI) and technology transfer in view of increasing foreigners confidence in the products made in developing countries.But the process of implementation is costly too. The indispensable costs of course vary depending on the members phase of development as well as its industry and technology basis. Where much innovation is informal, there are potential problems of access to, and affordability of, patent applications. Patent systems may be disproportionately expensive to set up and maintain.mainland chinas affair into the TRIPs Agreement china is a unique country. It combines the features of both developed and developing countries. Evan Medeiros and Taylor Fravel emphasize that in this country evidence of the change abounds. They affirm Chinese foreign policy has become in the last ten years far more nimble and engaging than at any time in history of the volumes Republic.As for other developing co untries the main concerns for mainland chinaware were limited coverage for products and processes, short terms of patents protection, wide scope for obligatory licensing, and inefficient enforcement in the cases of IPRs infringements. But last decades this country has been made giant steps to the progress.Few nations have changed as fast or as dramatically as China has since the 1970s. The worlds most populous nation has radically liberalized its economy and gone from producing lowquality and simple exports to sophisticated hightechnology goods, period nurturing a vibrant private sector and attracting nearly $500 billion in foreign direct investment.After the death of Mao, Deng Xiaoping came to power in the Peoples Republic of China. Since that time fundamental changes launched in the country an open door policy was proclaimed re-opening Chinese markets and allowing citizens to own limited private property. get on rush development was unbelievable. In 1979 China entered into t he Agreement on Trade Relations with the USA which required both parties to provide each others nationals with a corresponding level of IPRs. In accordance with this agreement the country became a member of the WIPO in 1980 and acceded to the Paris Convention for the justification of Industrial Property in 1984. China also enacted a Trademark rightfulness in 1982 and a Patent natural law in 1984. Upon these regulations China provided authors and inventors with limited IPRs protection.As a final accord of this movement in 1995 China entered into the TRIPs Agreement with the USA. Peoples Republic has committed itself, pursuant to this agreement, to raising the standards of intellectual property protection by means of implementation of enforcement measures and development of legal enforcement structure. The agreement envisaged expansion of US goods access to Chinese market and vice versa as well as certain changes in the IPRs protection legislation of China aimed to make it more tran sparent . Furthermore the country has patterned its IPR laws on international treaties the Berne Convention and the World Trade Organizations 1995 TRIPs Agreement. China acceded to the WTO on 11 December 2001. In order to ensure its accession to this organization, China preliminary canonic international intellectual property treaties and conventions and amended its laws.The Course of ImplementationDespite of objective difficulties in implementation of IPRs legislation in China, the government succeeded greatly in the struggle against infringements of IPRs. Many laws adopted in 19801990s reinforced the system of these rights protection in all the categories copyright, patent, trade secrets and trademark. For instance, as regards to patents protection, in 1993 China panoptic coverage from fifteen to twenty years and also make waterd the China Patent Management System (CPMS), a reckonerized system designed to handle patent applications more efficiently. Besides China expanded paten t envelopment to pharmaceutical industry that was excluded before. For instance, in 1997 CPMS accepted 114,208 patent applications, including 24,137 from foreigners .For many years before China became a WTO member, the state authority bodies such as police force and legal agencies had been vigorously striving against IPRs infringements especially piracy . Beginning at 1982 China adopted many laws covering the field of IPRs protection, such as the Trademark Law, Patent Law, Technology Contract Law, Copyright Law, Anti-Unfair Competition Law, and Regulations on Protection for estimator Software . Notwithstanding the fact that China lacks long tradition for respect and protection of intellectual property , the progress of the country is doubtless.The Chinese government has recognize that to encourage technology transfer, there must be protection for technology. Such attitude resulted in adopting series of documents dealing with IPRs issues. Also the great importance of these issues l ed to the necessity to have qualified staff in patent law. Thus, now several of Chinas top universities, including Tsinghua University in Beijing, have patent departments.Among the regulations adopted and amended last years there were documents regarding patents and licensing. On 28 December 2002, the realm Council of China issued the Decree No. 368, modifying Article 101 and 108 of the Implementing Rules of the Patent Law of the Peoples Republic of China. Modifications only involved new provisions concerning the implementation of the patent cooperation treaty, i.e. that the time-limit for international applications entering into the phase for individual country consideration should be unified as 30 months upon the priority date. On 13 June 2003, the bring up ingenious Property Office of the Peoples Republic of China (SIPO) issued the Methods of Compulsory Licensing for the Implementation of Patents, which came into effect on 15 July 2003.Patent Law of China was adopted much ear lier at the 4th Session of the rest Committee of the Sixth National Peoples Congress on March 12, 1984, and further amended by the Decision Regarding the Revision of the Patent Law of China, adopted at the 27th Session of the Standing Committee on September 4, 1992. Recently the Patent Law was revise in August 2003. The Implementing Rules of the Patent Law of the Peoples Republic of China has been revised in June 2001 and December 2002. Such revisions have brought these laws and regulations into full conformity with the TRIPS Agreement.Wang Jingchuan, Commissioner of the SIPO, in his message verbalise The creation, occupation and utilization of knowledge and intelligence resources, and quantity and quality in possession of intellectual property have become the key elements to the economic development of a country and the important foundation for countries participation into the competition of economic globalization and be in harmony of the world economy system.He express that th e IPRs system in China has been established and further improved last years. But much work has to be done in this field. He forceful especially the importance of ensuring protection to interests of foreign patent applicants. In general, the main targets for the national patent work were defined by Tenth Fiveyear Plan.It anticipates further perfection of patent laws and regulations and patent protection scheme, further adaptation of patent procedure and maintenance system to the growth of international economy and socialist market economy, creation of environment favorable for patent protected goods and inventions as well as for technology innovation, raising the level of patent professionals skills and knowledge, upgrading of the patent protection level in enterprises and institutions, involvement of patented technologies to contribute to the economic growth, continuous increase of the number and quality of patent applications, updating of the patent information, acceleration and e nhancement of the patent examination and granting.For achieving these targets its planned to facilitate the utilization of patent information resource, create and acquire more patent rights with authorization, create products and businesses with self-dependent intellectual property pay much attention to patent work by SMEs while encouraging also corporations and business groups to acquire and transfer knowhow. The task to speed up the industrialization of patent technology seems to be one of the most costly. For the purpose to enhance the patent work system the Plan anticipates load-bearing(a) patent intermediate service agencies, implementing efficient examination and granting system and qualifying system for patent assets evaluation agencies and patent consultation service institutions etc.To create effective patent system China poses an assignment to complete the revision of rules and regulations including those for the implementation of the Chinese Patent Law and then make effo rts to implement the revised patent law. Practical measures to facilitate patent examination include the increase of the number of the patent examiners, organization of supporting examiners group, intensification of professional training, and extension of the examiners inspection spheres, full involvement of information technology into patent procedures, strengthening of the examination of patent agencies and training of patent agents.The Plan stipulates reinforcement of the role of information systems and patent information resources in patent proceedings. For this purpose its scheduled to provide well-organized computer search system, examination supporting system, flow management system, e-filing system and e-publication system for the patent examination and granting work, realizing the paperless, electronic and network system of patent application, publication and examination procedures to create China patent full text coded database using resources both from the country itself and abroad .Finally, the Plan anticipates reinforcement of the research on strategy, tactics and policy by means of establishment of intellectual property development research institutions, development of in-depth research on major patent issues, strengthening of the research on the patent protection of new technologies, such as computer software, nanotechnology, gene engineering, biomedicine, biochips, biology engineering etc. Here also the importance of patent statistics analysis and prediction work is emphasizes .It is obvious that the government concentrates its efforts on the implementation and enforcement of IPRs protection laws despite the difficulties faced by the Chinese authorities in a demographic, historical and cultural sense. Now the reform and enforcement of law in the concerned field are more and more progressing.Groombridge ascertains that amplification of IPRs protection in China is for the most part the outcome of indigenous social, economic, and political factors at work in the country. He argues the pressure of economic sanctions, such as those embodied in the trade laws of the United States had no wholesome influence, and China has strived for more effective arrangements of IPRs due to the changing perception of self-interest held by its Communist Party leaders and its citizenry .In the course to fulfill the provisions of the TRIPs Agreement China has rebuilt its structure of legislative bodies responsible for regulation in the field of IPRs protection. The country set up a number of corresponding regulatory agencies the State Press and Publication Administration, the National Copyright Administration, the China Patent Office, and the State Administration of Industry and Commerce, in which the Trademark Office is located. Also in 1998 the State noetic Property Office (SIPO) was established the structure affiliated and directly subordinated to the State Council . A mission of all these bodies is to strengthen historically lame Chinese i nfrastructure of regulation, control and maintenance in IPRs compliance.Implementation of the TRIPs Agreement by the Peoples Republic of China promises to become again the point to analysis by the international community in 2008 in connection with the next Olympic Games which will be held in Beijing. Liu forecasts that owing to vast diffusion of Olympic goods, audio and video products owners of IPRs will be seeking to protect their works from illegal reproduction and distribution by infringers. He expresses belief that if the efforts undertaken by China to reform and enforce its intellectual property laws will be successful, it would attract foreign investors to the country and promote knowhow distribution here, which consequently should assist to go ahead to further economic development on the path to take leading positions in the world markets .ConclusionsExperts note that having bolstered market power, TRIPs proves very weak especially on international regulation of the restri ctive practices of the transnational corporations. It is true to say that the costs and benefits of IPRs are not so neatly distributed today. All the same, if the WTO is asking all countries to provide protection, it may still have to give something more in return.No doubt, China will increasingly regard itself as a great power and expect more defenses from other countries. In a speech two years ago President of the USA George Bush assured of his kindness to the countries that believe in the power of economic engagement to help solve the problems ranging from human rights to security matters. China for sure is one of such countries demonstrating its aspiration for desegregation into the global economy .Nowadays we are witnessing the economic boom in this developing country. It is deserved outcome by the Peoples Republic of China, as on its way to progress, in contrast to almost every other developing country, China has managed to eliminate the worst forms of social misery, and whi le denying the spirit, it displays spiritual set in that underlies the paradox of Maos China.Having entered into the TRIPs agreement China pushed its trade policies behind the borders of the country, opened up its markets, and although experiencing certain difficulties in this agreement implementation, stays on the path of development. There is no doubt this immense country will proceed along this path successfully. There are no two ways about it.BibliographyAgreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. The World Trade Organization. 1 October 2004. http//www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips.docArup, Christopher. The New World Trade Organization Agreements Globalizing Law finished Services and Intellectual Property. Cambridge etc. Cambridge University Press, 2000.China and the WTO. The World Trade Organization. 3 October 2004. http//www.wto.int/english/thewto_e/countries_e/china_e.htmGroombridge, Mark. The Political Economy of Intellectual Property Righ ts Protection in the Peoples Republic of China. In Intellectual Property Rights in Emerging Markets, edited by Clarisa Long. Washington American Enterprise Institute, 2000. 1146.Hale, David, and Hale, Lyric. China Takes Off. Foreign Affairs Magazine 82.6 (NovemberDecember 2003) 3653.Irwin, Douglas. The GATT in Historical Perspective. American Economic refresh 85.2 (1995) 32328.Jingchuan, Wang. Commissioners Message. State Intellectual Property Office of the Peoples Republic of China Web Site. 28 April 2002. 3 October 2004. http//www.sipo.gov.cn/ sipo_English/gysipo_e/jzzc/t20020428_33891.htmLiu, Vincent. Copyright and Software Protection Is It Working in China?, The Computers and Law Journal 51 (March 2003). 2 October 2004. http//www.nswscl.org.au/ journal/51/Vincent_Liu.htmlMain Targets and Tasks of the Tenth Five-year Plan for National Patent Work. State Intellectual Property Office of the Peoples Republic of China Web Site. 3 October 2004.http//www.sipo.gov.cn/SIPO/English2004/g ysipo_e/fzgh/t20020430_33893.htmMcGuirk, Anne. The Doha Development Agenda. Finance and Development Magazine 39 (September 2002) 59.Medeiros, Evan, and Fravel, Taylor, Chinas New Diplomacy. Foreign Affairs Magazine 82.6 (NovemberDecember 2003) 2335.Paglee, Charles D. Chinalaw Web PRC Patent Law (1 whitethorn 1998). 3 October 2004. http/ /www.qis.net/chinalaw/prclaw107.htmRoche, Douglas. What development is all about China, Indonesia, Bangladesh. Toronto NC Press Ltd., 1979.Rosen, Jeremy. China, Emerging Economies, and the World Trade Order, Duke Law Journal 46.6 (1997) 151964, 3 October 2004. http//www.law.duke.edu/journals/dlj/articles/ dlj46p1519.htmH2N3Shulin, Wu. The Conditions of the Juridical and Administrative Protection of Copyright in China. Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law 9.1 (1998) 241247.State Intellectual Property Office of the Peoples Republic of China Web Site. 1 October 2004. http//www.sipo.gov.cn/sipo_English/flfg/default.htmSu, Evelyn. The Winner s and the Losers The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights and Its Effects on Developing Countries. Houston Journal of International Law 23.1 (2000) 16976.The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects Of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Legal Information Institute (USA) Web Site. 2 October 2004. http//www.law.cornell.edu/copyright/cases/ wipo_trips.htmThe WTO in Brief. The World Trade Organization. 1 October 2004. http//www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/inbrief_e/inbr01_e.htmTransitional Review Mechanism of China Communication from China. Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. The World Trade Organization Online Database. 4 October 2004. http//docsonline.wto.org/gen_search.aspTsinghua University Web Site. 4 October 2004. http//www.tsinghua.edu.cn/eng/ resources/index.htm.Yong-Shun, Cheng. Juridical Protection of Intellectual Property in China. Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law 9.1 (1998) 267272.Yu, P. From P irates to Partners Protecting Intellectual Property in China in the Twenty-First atomic number 6. American University Law Review 50 (2003) 148-152.Yu, P. Piracy, Prejudice, and Perspectives An attempt to Use Shakespeare to Reconfigure the US-China Intellectual Property Debate. Boston University Law Journal 19.1 (January 2001) 1-87.

Walking and Word Swag

Got Swag? 1. What is trophy? Being a commonly used leger in the twenty-first century, swag has arisen from song lyrics and populated through postages on popular online websites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Tumblr. It has stemmed from the word swagger, which is a noun that means a very confident and typically arrogant or aggressive manner. This manifestation of the word swag has caused most teenagers to use this term to define themselves. Swag is use as a noun to describe a persons mannerisms as cool when compared to the ordinary layperson.In the contemporary society, a key judgment of ones character is whether their actions contain swag or not. Swag can be defined either negatively or positively through judgment of insouciant actions such as walking, talking, and self-appearance. 2. As aforementioned, the way a person walks or talks may show whether they give swag or not. Someone who would be considered to give birth swag would walk in a confident and self-assured manner. Ke y characteristics of such a persons walking habits are having a straight posture, meticulous foot placing, and a subtle arm sway.In addition to walking habits, smooth-talking teenagers are believed to show swag by the way they speak. For example, a big cat can smooth-talk and flirt with a young woman to persuade her on a date with him. On the other hand, a girl can talk with swag by conveying a more confident tone. She can assertively talk to the highest degree her unique qualities (e. g. her curvy body) as a sign of swag. divagation from being able to walk the walk and talk the talk, having a unique fashion sense also assortediates the layperson from one who has swag. 3. The appearance, grooming, and outfits of people may or may not indicate that they have swag.Regarding clothes, swag is gauged by ones sense of style. The median used for this gauge is the plumeing habits of umpteen celebrities in the music industry. For instance, outfits like adjustable snapback hats, Jordan sneakers, varsity leather jackets, or sweatshirts by the label Obey are types of swag clothing. Celebrities such as rappers, Soulja Boy, Tyga, and as well as singer, Justin Bieber, wear swag type of clothing. The iconic status of celebrities influences people to dress like them. Conversely, there are many people who turn around the style swag in a negative manner.People such as myself do not like to dress that certain style and would rather dress in a more formal style. For example, my style of clothes would be considered GQ or Gentlemen Quality-like, which comes from a fashion magazine style regarding formal clothes. My GQ style is divergent from the swag style because it consists of classy clothes such as polo shirts, button downs, ties, and suits. The style dichotomy between GQ and swag shows how different types of people can have opposing opinions on the use of the word swag. 4. My opinion of the word is in a negative connotation but others use the word as a compliment.Teenag ers use swag in their everyday lives to describe their activities. For examples some teenagers consider swag as sexual activity, buying the newest swag style clothes or doing what they believe is cool. Everyone has different opinions of what action is considered cool or not. As a result, many people have the opinion that swag is an unprofessional word with unnecessary and meaningless content. The different views of the word show two different opinions. 5. A personal story involving the word swag involved one of my achievements on the dance floor of a party.My friend George and I were always partying on the weekends and were invited to a private high school party. On the night of the party, I got the bechance to dance with one of the best looking girls there. As I was dancing, I saw George point at me and heard him say, Now that is swag to another girl standing next to him. George was indicating that I had swag because I was dancing with a beautiful girl. After my dance, I told him to not label anything I do as swag. The reason why I said this stems from my non-conforming personality. I told him that I view swag has a negative description and would prefer not to change my opinions about it. . The slang word swag is common in this new generation. Therefore, the use of the word is more popular among teenagers. Having swag or what is considered to be swag is plain a word for people to describe what they believe to be as cool. As portrayed in the narrative, telling a person they have swag may even be taken offensively especially if that individual does not believe in the society defined definition of the word. Conclusively, the different aspects of walking, talking, and style can be gauged as a negative or positive outlook on swag based on ones personal opinions.

Playgroups support and offer valuable opportunities Essay

Playgroups support and offer valu able-bodied opportunities for p atomic number 18nts to meet and share their experiences and for baby birdren to institute and socialize. They are coordinated by qualified community casters who give parenting tips and advice and provide culture about other community services for families. Expert guest speakers are invited to talk about topics related to parenting or childhood development. Parents are encouraged to become involved in planning and running playgroup activities. Playgroups provide a digress of learning experiences to stimulate childrens intellectual growth.They learn about interactions with other children and can develop their communication skills. The community workers can abet parents with behaviour-management techniques, provide information for parents about topics such as child development, health, hygiene and child safety. They can also help with developing social networks for parents, and identify developmental problems and re fer families to germane(predicate) services. BENEFITS FOR FAMILIES Supported playgroups bring a number of benefits to the communities in which they operate and to the people who take part.These benefits areThis is a service that lends swindles, games, puzzles and educational aids to families. The items from the toy libraries must be returned at a certain time. At some toy libraries, children are allowed to attend the subroutine library to play with the toys there. Leisure library this provides play materials for adults, especially for modify adults and families from disadvantage backgrounds, who have not known the joy of play. Teenagers can also benefit form these libraries, as there is challenging activities that could positively counteract effect of boredom, such as drugs and alcohol abuse.The libraries for children, the toys/resources that are lent, can help children to develop physically, mentally, socially and emotionally. They can learn through play by imitating, explor ing, creating, solving problems and sacramental manduction with others, (brothers/sisters). Toy libraries promote ACTIVE LEARNING. The libraries also help low-income families who are not able to provide their children with adequate learning opportunities. The parents may not be able to send their child to any form of pre-school centres. Specialist toys and equipment, which can be very expensive to buy, can be available for children who have special needs.many toys which can be bought at home, end up lying about the house, with the toy library, 1 toy is exchanged for another. Other benefits for having a toy library is that it can help parents learn about and are empowered to provide suitable stimulation for their child. Some may say that parents dont need to get involved, but the fact is that the parent doesnt know what to do or how to do it. The toy library could help the children and parents to play together, to share the activities, this would help to strengthen the family unit. Children who are at risk can receive preventive stimulation, the toys at the library may be graded, this can help the child pee-pee steady progress on their development. The childs self confidence may increase with each toy, when they master the activity. Therapists report that children receiving therapy and also belong to a toy library, generally improve faster with their development and social well-being. There can be additional services that can be offered by toy libraries, these are names of childminders, schools in the area.Leaflets giving information about organisations, nutrition and different workshops, that are available in the local area. Homestart This is a charity organisation, in which parent volunteers help families and children through rough patches in their lives. Volunteers help all types of parents, mums struggling with post-natal depression, young couples who dont have any idea of what to do during their babies early years, professional women having difficulty co ping with the switch from the structured work environment, to home life and late parenthood.The volunteers provide non-judgement support to allow the people to class on their own strengths. Homestart volunteers set out to end the isolation that parents with young children experience. It offers friendship, practical help and support. They are trained how to talk, encourage, when necessary to guide mums and dads. The parent volunteers make water an atmosphere in which families can cope with the pressures they are facing, this can then reduce the potential, for family breakdown.The volunteers can also help families get their act together sufficiently so they no longer need the supervision of statutory social services. E. g. in 2003/4, 822 children whose families were supported by Homestart were removed form the child protection register. The volunteers work alongside parents, not telling them how to bring up their children, but may offer advice if asked. Sure start childrens centres These centres are in the most disadvantaged areas. The services they provide are-Good quality early learning, combined with full day care provision for children, this could be effective for both child and parents. The child would make friends, learn and develop their skills and their developmental stage. The parents may be able to go out and find work. There are effective think with Jobcentre Plus for training or employment. Their would be support and services to parents and children who may need different services. I. e. special needs.The workers there, give information and advice to parents on a chain of mountains of subjects, I. e.childcare, looking after babies and young children, education services for 3 and 4 year olds. They have drop in sessions and other activities for children and parents, this can help parents socialise with other parents, make friends, look at other children and see other children playing, parents playing with their children and learning them to do the same. It can stop parents form being isolated in their home, getting them out and active, letting them discover new activities, learning about themselves and others around them, discovering new hobbies.

Military Recruiters in Our High Schools Essay

armament recruiters should be allowed in our high schools despite the persuasions of anti-war groups, counselors and teachers who ar centeringed on keeping the military recruiter out of our schools. This report will reveal opinions of those opposed to military recruiting showing that they argon more pointed on the war concept and slandering the recruiter rather than assisting the students with a job, trade, financial responsibility and an education.An name written from the author Ayers (2006), states that programs such as the Junior withstand Officers Training Corps are helping the recruiting efforts with 40% of JROTC graduates joining the military. A clear insight of the Parent Teacher Student Association, in which some schools focus more on the war in Iraq than education or school functions according to an article written by Paton (2005), will show the opposing opinion of the recruiter and how the No Child Left Behind Act, to some, is an invasion of privacy promoted by the wa rs effort.Schools that do non follow this law will be in peril of cutting the schools federal funding. With the research by Cupolo (2007), the article written shows the Opt Out, Opt In schematic, in which parents or students can deny the recruiter access to their instruction. At the base of the argument of whether recruiters should be allowed into high schools, remains the fact that the act of recruitment is strictly voluntary. The recruiters are not demanding an audience, nor are they requiring participation in the recruiting program.Should the Military be allowed to recruit in mellow Schools Recruiting in the high school arena has been a tool for the military recruiter to do his or her job in effect to complete the assigned mission. Certain jobs such as Administrative, Disbursing, Food Services, Computer Data Analysis, Motor Transportation, Aviation and Supply Administration are needed in the military to assist with day to day military operations, as well as continuing support of the war efforts.However, the private recruiter is hindered by a surge more than just the students lack of knowledge, but the opinions of others, i. e. parents, teachers, whose lack knowledge of the opportunities that the military recruiter is providing for the students. In society today, our young adults are constantly pushed by counselors and teachers to go to college after graduating from high school. To some, the decision to go to college is not easy depending on their race, location of living, financial stability or the students superstar of character.According to an Ayers (2006) article, the JROTC program, which was credited to Colin Powell, head of the Joint Chief of Staff, tgives an individual discipline and structure and has doubled its enrollment at over 3,000 schools. In access to providing discipline and structure during the formative years, this program has been a useful tool for the military recruiter. Additionally, this program allows military recruiters to fur ther focus their efforts for the students that are specifically evoke in military service and those who may not be able to afford college.Herbert (2005) noted that all high schools are not equal to recruiters Schools with kids from wealthier families are not viewed as good prospects. Further he stated The kids in those schools are not the kids who fight Americas wars. Those wealthier young adults have doors centripetal to them that are not available to less privileged. The conversation of war presents itself again without giving the readers the knowledge of what the military recruiter has to offer.The Should the Military be allowed to recruit in High Schools deas of Herbert (2005) are also biased as was a Vietnam veteran who was drafted during the buildup of Vietnam. The No Child Left Behind Act requires that High Schools share student have-to doe with information with military recruiters so that the recruiters can provide information on military service. Schools that do not part icipate lose their federal funding. In an article written by Paton (2005), the Parent Teacher Student Association in Garfield High School has successfully blocked that sharing of student contact information with recruiters.The organization was started to assist students in activities and be a liaison for the parents to express their concerns to the teachers. In this instance they are using their platform for political sentiment not related to academia. Anti-war groups are pressing the Opt Out, Op In policy, Cupolo (2007), which keeps the students information private, unless the parents authorize its release to the military recruiters. To go into more depth, Paton (2005) research describe that a vote of 25 to 5 to adopt a resolution that says public schools are not a place for military recruiters.In Patons (2005) article, Steve Ludwig whose son is a senior and daughter is a freshman stated, Garfield does not allow organizations that promote illegal activities to recruit students to perform those activities, nor does it allow organizations that discriminate on the basis of race, gender, national origin, or sexual orientation to recruit on campus. The negativity of the PTA clearly limits the students options to speak to a recruiter or weigh his option to envision his furture and instead speaks to the PTAs antiwar senitment.War is not a number one factor for recruiting in high schools. Recruiters should be allowedto give students other options for the future. Teachers, counselors, need to focus more on a young adults future, rather than giving their opions and bias regarding the war. Targeting low income students or those of a particular race has no bearing on the recruiter but setting the positive standards about the military and allowing students to make their own choices should be important to the parents and educators.The military recruiter should be accepted by parents as a means of financial independence and viable oppotrunity for their future. . Recruite rs are meant to give pertinent information to both parents and students regarding the military. Should the Military be allowed to recruit in High Schools The military can provide Self-Reliance, Discipline, Financial Responsibility, Leadership and Job Security. Additionally the recruited young adult will feel that since of pride about individual accomplishments and financial independence.

International Financial Reporting Standards Essay

1. IntroductionWith the announced espousal of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for publicly accountable get-go time 2011 by the Canadians news report Standards Board (AcSB), issues about the effect on the usefulness of m unitytary statement need serious attention starting on knowing the similarities and differences between Canadian GAAP and IFRS. Some critics come argued that IFRS will give up too much reliability in companionship to achieve relevance, while new(prenominal)s have argued that the increased relevance and comparability will promote usefulness of the fiscal statements. This paper attempts to address some of these issues as is seeks to see the potential effects of Canada Adoption of IFRS by making an opinion as to whether the diverge will result in to a greater extent(prenominal) or less termination useful information, thus making securities markets either more or less efficient.2. Analysis and Discussion2.1 What is IFRS and its advantages i f adopted?IFRS is being promoted by its supporters as a genius set of globally accepted, high musical note accounting standards (KMPG Canada, 2007), that is adopted by over a hundred countries, including five of the G8 countries (KMPG Canada, 2007). It appears to have gained the support of a f be of countries and with announced adoption in Canada, starting 2011 by AcSB, there is good ground to believed about the hits of the said set of external accounting standards in Canada compared staying on with the present Canada GAAP. To cite names of countries, it could be asserted that as early as 2005, publicly listed companies in European Union member countries , Australia, Hong Kong, and South Africa and have used IFRS (KMPG Canada, 2007). In the absence of these countries plan or indication of returning to where they came from, with more reason and interest it is to know about the improvement from IFRS adoption in the financial statements of Canadian companies.Given therefore the sim ilarities of the two standards under Canadian GAAP and IFRS, there is basis to state that Canada has had considerable input and influence in the development of IFRS over the years (KMPG Canada, 2007). Therefore, Canadas decision to join the many countries in adopting IFRS carries with it the intention to benefit enterprises in Canada. That it would lead better access to international capital, funding and investment opportunities should not come as a big surprise. The realities of samurai bonds or Eurobonds (Hill, 2009) could be asserted to have strong support from the presence of IAS or IFRS in the countries where bonds are floated as companies seek cheaper sources of capital as finding the same outside each homo country helps in minimization of court of capital as an objective (Brigham and Houston, 2002). The improved information in terms of comparability of financial reports across countries could just be easy to accept as many companies pursue international business.Another adv antage of using the IFRS is the belief that it should also more salute effective for the accounting information compared with maintaining a dissipate and isolated set of Canadian accounting standards (KMPG Canada, 2007). This could be the same reason for the move by the US to eventually adopt harmonization of its accounting standards with the IFRS since non-US companies, which necessity to list their stocks in the US stock exchanges, are required still to make translation of IFRS based financial statements into US GAAP based. From the practical consciousness of view, it would be easy to see the added cost for companies making still translations in the same way that non-Canadian companies may be required to make the translation when they go to Canadian stock exchanges.Another advantage of adoption is to make financial results more transparent and consistent for user globally, which will mean using more judgment and providing more disclosure in the short term (KMPG Canada, 2007). For this reason, persons involved in the public company financial reporting of Canada will have to foresee to pass under a steep learning curve (KMPG Canada, 2007). IFRS and Canadian GAAP compare in just few important lines but since IFRS standards are comprehensive and principles-based, it is expected that its drill would require greater use of professional judgment than Canadian GAAP. The availability of more accounting policy choices under IFRS would examine companies longer time now to evaluate these choices for each organization and is expected to result in valuable outcomes in the long-term (KMPG Canada, 2007).2.2 The impact of the IFRS adoptionIt is believed that the primary and most obvious impact of IFRS adoption would be in the effect on the institution of the financial position of an entity as set out in its financial statements (Romano and Grewal, 2009). Since IFRS represents a statement of principles that must be applied based on judgment and assumptions given the facts at hand, it is expected that many principles will change including possibly modifying the many rigid prohibitions or rules that have become part of Canadian GAAP over time via either practice or prescription (Romano and Grewal, 2009). To illustrate since IFRS allows for more clean-living respect accounting policy choices, this would open to a greater degree of interpretation and professional judgment. The new principles underlying the presentation of financial measures will change both the way in which things are measured and what is included in the metre as wells timing of measurement and needed disclosure (Romano and Grewal, 2009).The impact of the adoption of the IFRS would be in the allowing greater freedom to exercise professional judgment on which will make the financial statements to have greater relevance that will enhance the usefulness of the accounting information. It may be recalled that the qualitative characteristics of accounting include both reliability and relevance of the accounting information for decision-making (Meigs and Meigs, 1995). A financial information may therefore be too reliable as to approximate a high a degree of objectivity but may no longer be of significance to decision makers since the decision is already d mavin.To illustrate, a person buying a car or any typical product may be interested to know what is the estimated cost of production for a car that he or she wants to buy for the buyer for comparing it with the actual price of the product. On the other hand, another buyer may not really know what is the actual cost but he or she has information that the production possess so much set that is it relevant and unique about the product being sell and could be used for commercial production. The second buyer may not have the actual objective cost of production for the product but he or she has a good and businesslike assessment of the situation because of familiarity of relevant information which can generates valu e and could make a reasonable estimate of the determine of possible input cost of the product. He is therefore more strategically positioned than the first buyer is. Thus, relevance at this point may be more advantageous than having greater reliability of information. Adoption of IFRS is however not expected to amount of total loss of reliability of information.The adoption of IFRS is criticized by the fact that it would provide too much management flexibility or the freedom of interpretation that may be adopted with the concurrence of the independent auditors, thus it would reduce the quality of financial reporting. There is however, no strong evidence to believe that feared consequence of the adoption on these ground. In fact, this feared consequence remains to be seen (Romano and Grewal, 2009). On the hand, one great inducement of adoption is for greater international comparability due from a perspective of globalized-investment market place. There is now movement towards the im plementation of the adoption and there are now plans to effect a successful transition (Romano and Grewal, 2009).2.3 Sample Partial Application of IAS or IFRS to Business about Fair value AccountingOne sample interesting effect of adoption of IFRS is the eventual effect International Accounting Standard (IAS) 39. It is asserted that IAS 39 is partial application of fair value accounting since the said standard gives institutions the opening night of irrevocably applying fair value valuations to any financial instrument starting from the concept of fair value option (Enria, et al, 2004).It is argued that one fundamental building block of developed by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), the present makers of standards under the IFRS based in UK, is to put to work the financial statements up to day with market developments hence, a working group on the issue has proposed the use of Full Fair Value Accounting (FFVA) for all financial instruments. (Enria, et al, 2004). While adoption of the IFRS by Canada would not immediately result to adoption of fair value accounting, it will open the great possibility because as stated earlier, the use of international accounting standard would give more flexibility to companys management and accounting professionals and fair value accounting is part of the IFRS.If it feared that FFVA could produce effects on financial stability of banks, the same arguments could be made applicable to the Canadian companies, which are just to co-exist with other international and global companies in the use of IFRS. The analysis of authors found confirmation about concerns on the potential wider application of fair value in unduly increasing the volatility of banks balance sheets, which could reduce possibly ability of companies to react to adverse shocks. The adoption of fair value could also result to the pro-cyclicality of the bank add especially if the application of fair value happens simultaneously with other developme nts under a new accord. Thus, one of possible consequence is for encouraging banks to react if value change by use of FFVA through panic selling and tightening lending standard (Enria, et al, 2004). The effect could be far reaching as it could bring a possible financial crisis at the worst case possibly.From deeper tests, however, the researchers have found no significant impact on volatility by the intromission of FFVA standards for companies studied in the 1980s and 1990w. However, they cautioned about the need to be interpret the result with caution for several reasons and call for further research citing as one reason the lack of clear-cut choice of the cut-off dates on which banks change from one accounting standard to the other (Enria, et al, 2004).3. ConclusionTo conclude, this researcher believes that the adoption by the Canadian Accounting Standard Board of IFRS for companies concerned starting in 2011 will result to more useful information that would make securities marke ts either more or less efficient than not adopting the said international accounting standard. The adoption, while could result to possibly losing some reliability, is expected bring greater relevance of the financial statements and increased comparability which would then it more useful for Canadian companies and the users of these information. The possibility of losing some reliability may possibly be counter checked by user still requiring from these companies from which they would like to deal with the production of financial statements prepared under the present Canadian GAAP but they could run the risk of losing the benefit of a decision that would be based on relevant grounds. The mere fact that CASB has announced the adoption should signal there the advantages could outweigh the disadvantages of IFRS adoption.

Edm Influence

In the last decade Electronic Dance Music, or EDM, has made a complete 180 in the get together States. It has shifted from a genre that was intimatelyly underground with few listeners into popular music. Not only has it begun to top billboards, but it has warpd artists of many other genres to hop on the bandwagon and dispirit using it in their songs as well. From mercantiles to theme songs of popular television programs, the influx of EDM can be seen throughout American society.One of the biggest changes EDM has brought to the music industry is that out-of-pocket to most of the artists knowledge of computers, not to mention the day and age we live in where we are all connected over the internet, they are able to take favor of communicating and promoting over the internet to reach out to their fans. This allows these artists to listen to their fans and give them what they are asking for.Contrary to the EDM artists, many persuade and pop artists have used and mistreat them fan s, sold them overpriced CDs, tried to sell them music they didnt like by using stupid gimmicks (Doherty) causing them to lose their foothold on the charts and allow EDM to ill-treat right in. The influences of EDM can also be seen by looking at pop artist and the way their songs have begun using more electric overcome and styles. Katy Perrys Fireworks and Rihannas Only Girl were both co-produced (Doherty) by electro-house artists and unmatchable of Britney Spears newer songs, Hold It Against Me, also included signs of dubstep.On Jay-Z and Kanye Wests collaborative album Watch the Throne the song Who Gon separate Me has a sample from a very popular EDM song by Flux Pavilion called I Cant Stop. The most surprising influence of EDM on an artist, however, can be placed on Taylor Swift. In her new album Red she has a song called 22 which features many electronic and off lam rhythms in it. These are only a few of the many artists that have incorporated electronic music into their s ongs and in doing so helped to render EDM even more widespread and dominant in todays music industry.EDM also has begun showing up in music festivals, on television, and in movies. Its artists publicize huge festivals its hooks soundtrack commercials its textures bolster movie scenes (Doherty). The EDM music festivals have grown very popular in the last decade, Deadmau5, a famous EDM Dj, compares one of these festivals in the 90s to one a few years ago and recalls there were only about 4-5000 people, but it was huge at the time. You go out to L. A. now, to Gary Richards tall(prenominal) parties he gets 20-40,000. The Djs are bringing a visual and physical experience for the audience during these festivals by having laser shows and visual graphics come along while their music plays. Television commercials have also started to embrace this trend. Microsoft included and promoted Alex Clares Too Close in their commercial for the new Internet Explorer. This commercial boosted Alex Cl ares career, before the commercial he was only known in the U. K. In a final form of media the movies have also assimilated EDM into their soundtracks. Tron Legacy had a soundtrack that was almost entirely devoted to EDM.Because of all this assimilations into mass media of all forms, EDMs influence in the United States has only grown more rapidly and stronger. It seems that one cannot go a day without hearing a song under this genre it surrounds and influences pop culture every day. Similar to rock and roll in the 1950s, EDM has experienced demonization from parents and threats of legislation over the concern fueled by concern over the ecstasy-related deaths. These virtues see electronic music itself as a opening to social degradation (Doherty) and seek to disassemble EDM.According to Josh Glazer, editor of URB magazine, It may cause a cooling down period, but in the end, electronic music, festivals, etc. , are simply not something that will ever be halted. There is both too muc h demand and too much economic incentive. If the law were to shut down EDM then many business and individuals would be left bankrupt or jobless. Although this may seem dismal and unfair in the present, rock and roll received the same kind of critique which now seems quaint and ridiculous. In conclusion EDM has brought about many social and cultural effects due to the changes it created to the industry. Through its artists computer knowledge they have brought about a greater fan/artist connection along with allowing any aspiring artist the superpower to create his/her own music just by downloading different software. Finally EDM has influenced mainstream pop artists, directors, and marketing agencies to incorporate a more electrical and up beat sound to their music, ads, or movies because it appeals to the young audiences.

Dippin Dots UK

Case 34 Dippin Dots Ice Cream and Coffee? 1) What elements in the external environment competency affect Dippin Dots strategy? * The threat of fresh entrants into the industry creates more competition. * The power of the suppliers and buyers. As the present competition and potential sassy competition in the frozen desserts segment, lead a major effect externally. * There are already substitutes to the Dippin Dots products, but there is still threat of new substitutes. * Intense rivalry is among Dippin Dots there are many imitators of this product. * Due to the market prices, the economy has a great tinge on sales. ) What internal resources does Dippin Dots have that might help it support its competitive strategy? * A Unique Value Chain * Professional business connection with McDonalds. * The human intellectual knowledge was what isolated Dippin Dots from others. * Jones was a microbiologist, * R&D is one major key in the Dippin Dots market, after all thats how Mr. Jones started. * Example Mr. Jones developed the microencapsulating. * Entrepreneurial leadership was how Dippin Dots was created, and have leaded them to a creative mindset. * One of the 500 fastest growing companies, ranked 4 on the Entrepreneur magazines 2004 list. Total timberland worry lead to the quality of products and processes that Dippin Dots creates. 3) What is Dippin Dots competitive strategy, and what is the basis of its competitive advantage? * Total Quality Management * The quality standards are maintained throughout the organization. * The boilersuit product is a competitive strategy in itself. * Procedures, processes and resources needed to implement quality management, and are determined by the quality of the product, the satisfaction of the customer, cost analysis, revenue, and management performance. The Growth and Expansion * Interest is increasing for Dippin Dots, and other entrepreneurs contacted Jones about opening up stores to sell. * Dippin Dots has grown into a multim illion dollar company gaining more dealers. * Franchise Dippin Dots. 4) How has an entrepreneurial strategy and the management of innovation helped Dippin Dots establish its competitive edge? What challenges remain for Curt Jones? * Entrepreneurial Strategy * Family Business Model * Adaptive new portal * Ability to begin franchises, and get their names out there. * Management Innovations Incremental innovations through the development of new ways to make Dippin Dots even more of a threat. * Sustainability to be able to continue to grow their business. * Curt Jones got a patent for public disclosure of the invention. * Challenges for MR. Jones * There is always going to be completion that could impact the company, especially their popularity. * Advertising can be an issue, there is a lack of it in the market, and is only marketed in certain areas. * Finding was to continue to make Dippin Dots obsolescent and difficult to imitate, because so many frozen dessert companies are trying to come close to imitate the ice cream dots.

Practicing Veterinary Medicine

A veterinarian is single who is qualified and authorized to treat infirmitys and injuries of animals. Veterinarians atomic number 18 employed by wildlife preserves, animal parks, zoos, and aquatic inst all in allations. Federal, state, and city governments in any case yse veterinarians in the investigate and intercession of animal diseases which may be spread to humans. Veterinary Training includes dickens to four years of college, plus four years at an approved college of veterinary medicine. A licensing enquiry mustiness be passed before practicing veterinary medicine. There are about twenty-one veterinary colleges in the united States.About 1,400 people raduate from these colleges every year. These people are skilled in in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of animal health problems. There are many different forms of veterinary practice, though 70% rebound their practice to small animals or household pets (dogs, cats, birds, etc.. Some veterinarians specialize in farm animals (horses, cows, etc. ) and are said to have a large animal practice. A veterinarian in a command practice treats all animals. There are also many fields of employment available to veterinary practitioners.These include research-experimentation with new drugs, therapies, and procedures that will be later ndustry-development of medications, vaccines, and feeds and studying the effect of Armed Forces-inspection of meat, food, and facilities, the study of the effects of space travel on animals, the study of nuclear effects on animals public health-study and prevention of the transmittal of diseases from animal to animal or from animal to human, inspection of restaurant food governmental agencies-safeguarding ports of entry into the United States, reporting incidence of disease, epidemic prevention teaching-teaching at colleges and universities zoos and wildlife management-maintenance and reproduction of species in appropriate griculture-prevention and treatment of diseas e in get going/food-producing animals, raising and caring for animals for profit (breeding, etc. ) pets-safeguarding animal and human health done detection and prevention of specialty disease-restriction to a certain species (veterinarians who work at racetracks, A veterinary assitant is anyone workings for a veterinarian. They may be called veterinary assitants, animal technicians, or animal hospital technicians but all help oneself veterinarians, scientists, and research workers.Technicians need patience, tact, compassion, and the ability to work and interact well with animals as well as people. As the number of veterinarians increases and the practice grows more and more complex, the need for skilled animal technicians increases greatly. An assitants duties vary with his or her job. In a general private practice, veterinary assitants prepare patients and equipment for surgery, take X-rays, collect specimens, dress wounds, achieve lab tests, clean cages and pens, communicate with pet owners, feed patients, answer telephones, schedule appointments, perform clerical duties, and assist in diagnostic and medical procedures.Veterinary assitants may be employed in the same work settings as veterinarians. Other employment opportunities are veterinary clinics, humane societies, zoos, meat packing companies, pharmeceutical companies, feed manufacturers, research facilities, and A veterinary assitant may recieve on-the-job training or have an associate degree from a junior college. Training for an Animal Technician, Registered (A. T. R. ), requires two years. An Associate Degree of Applied Science is issued when the work is completed. For certification, the technician must pass an examination given by the Laboratory Animal Techinician Certification Board, sponsored by the American standstill of Laboratory Animal Science (A. A. L. A. S. ).

Book Banning Essay

Each year, libraries across the United States report hundreds of challenges. The booster cable causes for contesting a give argon sexually explicit content, offensive language and inappropriate subjects for minors source Ameri stick out Library Association. Only a minority of the requests actually make it through to ban the book from its individual library. The Catcher in the Rye. The carmine Letter. Huckleberry Finn. Harry Potter. The Diary of Anne Frank. Animal Farm. To Kill a Mockingbird.The Da Vinci Code. The Grapes of Wrath. These literary classics have been vital to the education of many, especially tiddlerren and adolescents. These great novels both teach important values and give instruction minorren astir(predicate) population affairs and classic solutions. Unfortunately, each of these novels has been proscribed at one point in time. Many of these classic stories have been banned because of sexual references, racial slurs, religious intolerance, or supposed wit chery promotion.Although some may consider these books controversial or inappropriate, many English classes have required us to read these books. Like the teachers that assigned us these books, I conceptualize that even controversial books can in the long run boost, non deter, our educational wealth. I oppose book banning for three main reasons. First, I believe that education should be open to e rattlingone. Everyone should have an opportunity to read any literature of their choosing and form his or her take opinions based on the reading.Micah Issitt lists three basic responsibilitys covered chthonian the freedom of the press the right to publish, the right to confidentiality of sources, and the right of citizens to gravel the products of the press. My second reason specifically addresses the last right stating that citizens should have access to the press. The government should non restrict books from being published or interfere into someoneal affairs as this is an inf ringement of the First Amendment. Finally, I believe that parents should monitoring device what their own children read, scarce non have the trust to ban other children from reading these novels.For these reasons, I conclude that the government should play no billet in the sequel what citizens do and do not read, and that book restriction should remain a solely secluded matter. At first glance, the debate over banning books appears unimportant. Nevertheless, this debate has divided our nation into those who favor criminalize books to protect their impressionable adolescents, and those who argue that education should be open for everybody without interference from the government in confine the publishing and accessing of these books.Issitt argues that censoring books violates the First Amendment, stating that citizens must be free to seek out any media, regardless of content, that they deem appropriate for entertainment, information, or education. Denying the rights of the c onsumer, in any area, is one of the hallmarks of authoritarianism. While I do not equate banning books with authoritarianism, we do endorse Issitts belief that individual citizens have the right to choose, under their own discretion, what books to read.The First Amendment protects the freedom of expression and speech, and by prohibiting certain messages, the government clearly infringes upon public rights. On the other hand, Healey offers that censorship does not repress information that teenagers and children are exposed to, but merely gives parents the rights to nurture their children in the ways they deem appropriate. Though I concede that parents do have the right to monitor what their children read, they do not have the right to remove books from public libraries or monitor what other children in the city read.Healey attempts to persuade readers that censorship of books should not be nearly silencing voices on important topics, but about steering young raft toward the best attainable literature however, she fails to specify what constitutes as the best possible literature. Some of the best possible literatures also happen to cause the well-nigh controversy, including Huck Finn, Harry Potter, The Scarlet Letter, and To Kill a Mockingbird. Those who protest against these books have clearly not studied them in depth.For example, the main theme in Huckleberry Finn focuses not on advocating racism, as some suggest, but proving that race does not define a persons intelligence or capability for compassion. Even Healey admits that concerned parents and community members react without fetching the time to closely investigate the books they want banned. While I agree that parents should play an active role in educating their children and as their primary guardians, have the legal right to monitor what their children read, I disagree that this legal right ex slants to controlling what other children in the neighborhood read as well.Prohibiting children f rom reading a book leave behind not enhance their moral values. Rather, banning a book more likely will increase curiosity for reading it. I also empathize with parents who ban books with controversial or disquieting subjects because they are unsure as to how their children will react or how to explain such topics. A levelheaded way to discuss these subjects with children is to read books with various views on the subject so that children can experience seven-fold points of view before forming their own opinions.Healey herself agrees that such a method might help young people better understand the world they live in, the human condition, and issues they face in their culture. As Healey stated, parents also tend to ban books based on moral grounds, although some books have been condemned for their perspectives on civic values and history. For this very reason, the general public should read these books. Our society, especially our younger children, needs to read these books sin ce fully understanding a topic requires knowledge of both sides.If we choose to disregard even a highly unpopular opinion, we purposely choose to live in ignorance, only when partially educated in a topic we claim to know so well. Without a doubt, if we continue to ban books and ignore what some consider taboo topics, we halter ourselves and our children from finding ways to solve societys problems, thus hampering the development of our nation as a whole. Many conservative groups make the argument that the books that have been banned have hooey that is inappropriate, immoral or contradicting the beliefs they have ingrained in their children and/or their society.Take for consideration the controversial books that tackle difficult, touchy accessible issues like homosexuality. Books like Heather Has Two Mommies, by Leslea Newman and Daddys Roommate by Michael Willhoite (both books indite for youth with gay parents) were shot down by conservative groups because they attempted to edu cate children about homosexuality, an issue parents felt needed to be taught to their respective children by them. While this may seem like a valid argument, really it is just skirting around the actualissue. Book-banning cases usually concern the protection of children and their innocence, but all that is happening is sheltering parents showing an awkward avoidance of their childrens confrontation with ill at ease(predicate) matters. It is not only selfish, but also harmful to the overall education of their children. This act of prohibiting books is just the parents way of evading of the conversation with their child about these sensitive issues.These two books are issues that Healey brings up in her argument on how groups were upset about the way these books informed their children of homosexuality. Homosexuality and other touchy social issues are part of everyday life, and for a group to attempt to censor this subject from younger society is almost absurd these issues are not mo nstrous and the censorship of them not only shows prejudice but lack of respect. Banning books seems to be the most public solution for a individual(a) matter- not everyone should have to suffer restrictions because one group feels uncomfortable with the book.That being said, there are often books that contain graphic and often highly inappropriate material I do consent that these books should be censored at the discretion of the parent, or anyone involved however, no one is forcing books upon others, so we should not be forced to remove them. Other groups would say that its also the duty of the government to regulate these books to protect concerned citizens and their families, but I would have to disagree. Its the consider opposite of the governments role- our private lives, the books we read, should be regulated and controlled by us.Banning books from public congregations is not what the government was intended to do. Topics that seem socially outlawed in public, let alone publ ished, have been banned because their immoral content may have a negative effect on younger children. In these books, authors doesnt promote or encourage bad behaviors, they prepare their readers for some of the real world challenges. The child would never be able to tally these things if the book was banned, nor be able to form his or her own opinion about that certain topic.Healey discusses that the book, 33 Snowfish, a dark story of three teenage runaways who are victims of various forms of abuse by Adam Rapp may be an unsuitable way to educate children on these timely topics. However, having these stories banned all together would just further shelter a child whose parents may not be willing to discuss these issues with them at all. Even though these books center around shivery topics, they are educating children on real life matters that they will be exposed to once they venture into the world themselves.Healey goes on to make the point that the books should not be banned as well, since it is a matter of private opinion not one to be made by the public libraries of a community. She suggests that schools should inform parents about the kinds of books they offer children in their libraries and classrooms instead of banning them. With the knowledge that some of these books have to offer, children can learn how not to act and what can be the consequences if they do misbehave. This learning experience could turn around with the help of a parent and pass a positive affect over the child.Clearly, banning books not only hinders a childs educational development but also leaves them unaware of the true state of the world. Books do not simply impart general information they heavily influence a child, the future generation. Without unfluctuating access to books, both adults and children could not form sound opinions, only narrow-minded ones. Both advocates and opposers of book banning agree that books are powerful instruments. Otherwise, a debate on the subject would neither have arisen nor lasted so long. Because books can be used toinculcate values and transmit ideology, and to stimulate the imagination, as Healey suggests, any person should remain free to select his or her reading material. This personal issue of selecting reading material has no relation to the government. On the contrary, government action interferes with individual education, a primary American value. Ultimately, children can learn personal responsibility in determining which books to regard and which to discard. In the future, these children will become well-educated adults who can benefit the American society. -

J.S. Bach’s Brandenburg Concerto No. 2, 2nd Movement Essay

The second campaign of J. S. bachs Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F major(ip), BWV 1047 inhabits of sixty-five placards that take approximately quaternary minutes to perform and is scored for only flute (recorder), unaccompanied oboe, solo violin, cello, and harpsichord. The three high-pitched solo instruments primarily habituate the middle and upper unwrap of their registers. For example, the lowest pitch for the violin is the D just to a higher place middle C. This stratification, combined with certain melodic and rhythmic features, clearly differentiates the melodic and accompanimental voices. MelodyThe three solo instruments are the primary feather vehicles for the melodic material in this move. The melodic line is very short (only ii measures long) and is clearly stated for the beginning(a) time by the violin in mm. 1-3. This dividing line contains several distinguishing features. It begins with an travel step and then proceeds to descend by step. This descent is slightly interrupted by an lard on conquer 3 of m. 2. For instance, on fly the coop 3 of m. 2, the primary note is G. This G forms part of the descent from Bb (beat 1), A (the second half of beat 2), continuing to F (beat 1 of m.3), E (beat 2), and D (the second half of beat 2). The G is ornamented by the Bb and A that overly form part of beat 3 of m. 2. The principle breed also features a trill on beat 1 of m. 3 and an accented passing tone on beat 2 of m. 3. Rhythmic characteristics of this dividing line include number 1 with a quarter note anacrusis followed by a dotted quarter. The agogic accent on the highest note of the pains gives a stress to the first beat of each even-numbered bar. Though the rhythmic values of the continuation of the gentle wind vary throughout the feat, the durations of the first two notes are constant.After its first appearance, this melody is then imitated by the oboe (m. 3) and the flute (m. 5), at the original pitch. Once all the voices hav e stated this melody, the melody continues to be used imitatively throughout the movement, with the exception of two passages, mm. 34-37 and mm. 46-57. In these two passages, the melodic material consists largely of step-wise dubiousness that creates suspensions on beat 1 of every bar. This material is derived from the accompanimental material of the opening melody. When the violin has finished stating the primary melody and the oboe enters with this melody at the end of m.3, the violin continues with material that is largely step-wise in move and creates suspensions on beat 1 of every bar. The suspensions come in a variety of forms 6-5 (m. 4), 2-1 (m. 6), and 7-8 (m. 7). While the solo instruments are charged with the melodic material, the cello and harpsichord play an accompanimental role. These voices play almost consistent eighth notes. The eighth-note feat is disrupted only five times throughout the movement. In mm. 14, 22, 32, and 42 the quarter notes on beat two and three slow down the surface rhythm and give a sentiency of expectation of closure.In fact, all of these measures feature controlling, or dominant- seventh, sonorities and are followed by a club soda unison in the next bar. The eighth-note motion is also absent from the accompanimental voices in the last four measures of the append. Harmony With the melody and the prevailing rhythmic motion of the movement being largely constant, it is left to the harmoniousness to provide crease. This movement is in d kidskin, only when many other breaks are touched upon. A minor is the first contrasting key to appear. The dominant of a minor is introduced quite early in the piece in m. 8, but a secure reaching on A is delayed until m.15. In the intervening measures, Bach introduces a large-hearted idea that will be used later in the piece. The harmony of m. 10 consists of the V7 chord of C major however, this dominant resolves deceptively to a minor in m. 11. C major appears as a key theatre of operations in. mm. 17-24. The modulation to C major is accomplished through the use of a oarlock chord the F major sonority on beat 1 of m. 17 functions as both the VI of a minor and the IV of C major. The cadence in C major in m. 23 is one of the strongest cadences in the entire movement. All voices sound an unembellished C major triad on beat one.Furthermore, beat 2 of this measure is the only time in the movement (aside from the first measure) where all melodic voices are silent. G minor is briefly tonicized in m 25. This key area is approached through a combination of a deceptive resolution and a pin tumbler chord. In m. 24, a G dominant seventh chord appears. It does not resolve to C as expected, but rather deceptively to a minor. This a minor sonority functions simultaneously as vi of a minor and ii of g minor. This g minor arm is very brief, as the feeler V7-vi(ii) is sequenced in the following measure to tonicize d minor.With this tonicization of d minor comes a dra w of the opening melody at its original pitch (oboe, m. 27). The d minor triad of m. 29 functions as a pivot chord in the modulation to Bb major. There is a strong cadence in Bb major in m. 33, and the piece remains in this key until m. 39. This is in fact the largest period of harmonic stableness that the auditor has encountered so far. It is striking in that respectfore that this is precisely the section where the primary melodic idea disappears for the first time. Whereas in the first 33 measures of the piece, the melody remained constant and the harmonic varied, in mm.33-39, the harmony is stable and the melody is contrasting. G minor, which had foregoingly been briefly tonicized, gives as a key area in m. 39. Bach hints at its return in m. 37 with the D major sonority (the dominant of G). In m. 39, the V7 sonority of Bb major is opinionated deceptively to g minor, and this vi functions as a pivot chord (i of g minor). A strong cadence in g minor appears in m. 43. However, the movement does not remain in g minor for long, as this tonic triad is actually a pivot chord marking the return of d minor (i re-interpreted as iv).The remainder of the movement is in d minor, though a encircle of fifths progression provides some contrasting harmonic motion. This circle of fifths progression is preceded by the two strong dominant-tonic motions in d minor of mm. 45-48. From here, Bach cycles through A major (m. 49), D major (m. 50), G major (m. 51), C major (m. 52), F major (m. 53), and Bb major (m. 54). The cycle is broken by the E lessen sonority of m. 55 (ii? of d minor) which functions as a pre-dominant, leading to the dominant of m. 56 and finally to the tonic in m. 57. Form and Phrase StructureWhile this movement does not follow a recognizable form such as ritornello or binary, it rump be divided into smaller formal units when the harmonic motion is considered alongside features of the melody and the texture. As noteworthy above, the accompanimental vo ices in mm. 14, 22, 32, and 42 contain quarter notes that contrast with the almost pervasive eighth note motion of these voices and thus stand out upon hearing. These measures also acclaim the arrival of significant key areas a minor (m. 15), C major (m. 23), Bb major (m. 33), and g minor (m. 43). These measures mark significant structural moments in the movement.The sections delineated by these points of arrival can be nevertheless broken down into smaller formal units based on melodic and harmonic features. As noted above, the primary melody is two bars long, and each imitative entry follows directly once the previous voice has finished stating the melody. The entries of the voices are very easily heard as the texture throughout the piece is quite thin. These two bar units are combined into larger verbiages. The section from mm. 1-15 can be divided into two words, mm. 1-7 and mm. 7-15, based on the cadence in d minor in m. 7.The first phrase consists of the presentation of the melody in each of the three solo voices. The second phrase, likewise, contains a presentation of the melody in all three voices, but this phrase is two bars longer than the first because of an additional entry in the flute (m. 13) and the modulation to a minor. The section from mm. 15-23 is one phrase. As with the first phrase of the movement, each solo instrument presents the melody at the same pitch level (this time starting time on C). However, this phrase is two bars longer than the opening phrase because of the cadential material in mm. 22-23.The section from mm. 23-33 is divided into two units, mm. 23-27 and mm. 27-33. The first phrase contains the presentation of the melody in the violin, which is then sequenced up a fifth in the flute in m. 25. Measure 27, with the tonicization of d minor and the return of the opening melody at its original pitch, sounds like the beginning of a new phrase. Measures 33- 43 can likewise be divided into two phrases, mm. 33-37 and mm. 37-43. Measures 33-37 are distinguished by the absence of the original melody and the relative stability of Bb major as a key area. The primary melody returns in m.37, and the phrase that begins in this measure contains a tale of the melody by all three solo instruments. The final section of the piece, mm. 43-65, can be heard as being divided into four sections mm. 43-45, mm. 45-57, mm. 57-62, and mm. 62-65. The first of these sections is very brief and contains a single statement of the melody in the oboe. The second section, quite long, contains the circle of fifths progression with no statement of the primary melody. The third section contains a statement of the melody in the violin and the oboe. The flute begins its entrance, but the melody is truncated.In the final section, the eighth note motion of the continuo voices is gone, as is the primary melody. These measures consist entirely of cadential material. This material is noteworthy because of its chromaticism and its rhythmic trea tment. At first, the cadence seems to be approached in a inevitable manner. The tonic six-four chord of m. 62 is followed by a dominant seventh in root couch at the end of this bar. Theoretically, a tonic triad could follow at the beginning of m. 63 to realise the movement to a close. However, Bach prolongs the dominant functioning harmony with a amply diminished seventh chord (in third inversion).This chord does not resolve as expected. One would expect the Bb in the bass voice to descend to an A, however it rises chromatically to a B natural. This B natural forms part of another fully diminished seventh chord (borrowed from the key of the dominant) and is in first inversion. This seventh chord finally leads to the dominant to prepare for the final appearance of the tonic (albeit with a piccardy third). The effect of this surprising harmonic motion is highlighted by the hemiola, as each of these sonorities gets a full two beats. One remarkable feature of all of the phrases in t his movement is how they overlap with the preceding phrases.Several features combine to produce this characteristic. First, the accompanying voices begin on beat one of the first measure. The melodic entries, however, always begin on beat three. From the beginning then, there is a two-beat separation of the phrase structure of the melodic and accompanying voices. This separation is highlighted at cadences. In this movement, the resolution harmony always appears on beat 1 in the accompaniment. However, at this point, the melodic voices are still in the process of completing their descending line, which is only accomplished at the end of beat two.Furthermore, the point of arrival in the cadences serves not only as the end of one harmonic progression but also as the beginning of another progression. As all of the phrases are elided, this movement contains no significant moments of simplicity and stability. One never gets the sense that one idea has completely ended before something el se begins. Conclusion In addition to the elision of phrases, other musical elements contribute to the sense that musical ideas never completely finish. For one, the wave-like graphic symbol produced by the entrance of the imitative voices is quite hypnotic and could, in theory, be continued indefinitely.Also, the harmonic motion is not goal-oriented. Bach does not set up the expectation for one significant contrasting key area to be explored in the movement. Rather, many different key areas are touched upon, but none (with the possible exception of the Bb area) are featured for a significant amount of time. Furthermore, the one key area which one expects to hear, namely F major (the relative major of d minor), is completely absent from this movement. Because this movement is not goal-oriented, the auditor gets the sensation that it continues to open out.Indeed, it is not until the circle of fifths progression begins in m. 49 that the listener gets the sense that the end of the mo vement is approaching. The arrival at this turning point is quite unexpected and takes the listener by surprise. To speak colloquially, it is as if someone got in their car and started driving, with no destination in mind. Since there was no reason for the trip, the device driver did not know when to turn around and come back home. Nevertheless, the driver finds himself on a familiar road near his house, and because he is almost there decides to just go home.