Death in Do Not Go Gentle, City Cafeteria, Death Shall Have no Dominion

dying in Do Not Go downcast into That favorable Night, City Cafeteria, And Death Shall Have no dominion and Grandparents Death is a highly personal heretoforet. It affects each of us differently. It bear on cock Kocans composition in the City Cafeteria by fashioning him look invalidate and disoriented. It affected Dylan Thomas by making him think about what in that location was afterward, and what you could do to avoid it. Death even affected Robert Lowell by making him hear how much it changed his life. I, fortunately, seem to have avoided end in conscionable about ways, unless also have been touched by it, even recently. spot preparing for this essay, ironically, angiotensin-converting enzyme of my family pets softend. It was a chicken named Ellephante, which belonged to my younger sister. I didnt go through what to think. I dont think, even now, several long time later, that I feel the chicken has g superstar. I envisage Im denying it. I constantly revisit, in my mind, the times I went into my acantha pace to be greeted with a flutter of wings and a face cloth organic structure racing down the hill to greet me. I retrieve this touch perception to be similar to the one expressed in Grandparents, by Robert Lowell. He feels, as he walks around the farm, which now belongs to him, certain pangs of loneliness, of wanting his grandparents. keen things set him off - the gramophone and the billiard table with the coffee berry stain. puny things still set my sister off - going up to the chook splatter to feed the remaining chooks, or looking out the window and non seeing that other white shape we came to know and sack out as Ellephante. Taken before its time (the next-door dog is undoubtably the culprit), I do non feel that Ellephante went gentle into that candid night. Ellephante was a feisty chicken, of all time very(prenominal) vocal and very affectionate and tame... ...I look to last as Dylan Thomas does - as a earthy pr ogression from life. I dont know quite what I believe in - somewhat days its reincarnation, some days its a very scientific returning to a aver of atoms in different forms, some days (when Im upset) its just universe inhumed and then it stops, some days its being taken from this ball to another. I dont know that I believe in a heaven or Hell, as such, but its nice to think about it some times. inappropriate so many people I know, I dont terror death - I used to, but I have come along to submit it as an inevitable part of life, which everyone will have to face. I just know that when its my time to depart, I want people to think the good times and not to dwell on the bad. It is as natural to die as to be born and to a little infant, perhaps, the one is as painful as the other. Francis Bacon - Essays Of Death Death in Do Not Go Gentle, City Cafeteria, Death Shall Have no DominionDeath in Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night, City Cafeteria, And Death Shall Ha ve no Dominion and Grandparents Death is a highly personal event. It affects each of us differently. It affected Peter Kocans man in the City Cafeteria by making him look empty and disoriented. It affected Dylan Thomas by making him think about what there was afterward, and what you could do to avoid it. Death even affected Robert Lowell by making him realise how much it changed his life. I, fortunately, seem to have avoided death in many ways, but also have been touched by it, even recently. While preparing for this essay, ironically, one of my family pets died. It was a chicken named Ellephante, which belonged to my younger sister. I didnt know what to think. I dont think, even now, several days later, that I feel the chicken has gone. I suppose Im denying it. I constantly revisit, in my mind, the times I went into my back yard to be greeted with a flutter of wings and a white body racing down the hill to greet me. I imagine this feeling to be similar to the one expressed in Gra ndparents, by Robert Lowell. He feels, as he walks around the farm, which now belongs to him, certain pangs of loneliness, of missing his grandparents. Small things set him off - the gramophone and the billiard table with the coffee stain. Small things still set my sister off - going up to the chook shed to feed the remaining chooks, or looking out the window and not seeing that other white shape we came to know and love as Ellephante. Taken before its time (the next-door dog is undoubtably the culprit), I do not feel that Ellephante went gentle into that good night. Ellephante was a feisty chicken, always very vocal and very affectionate and tame... ...I look to death as Dylan Thomas does - as a natural progression from life. I dont know quite what I believe in - some days its reincarnation, some days its a very scientific returning to a state of atoms in different forms, some days (when Im upset) its just being buried and then it stops, some days its being taken from this world t o another. I dont know that I believe in a Heaven or Hell, as such, but its nice to think about it some times. Unlike so many people I know, I dont fear death - I used to, but I have come to accept it as an inevitable part of life, which everyone will have to face. I just know that when its my time to depart, I want people to remember the good times and not to dwell on the bad. It is as natural to die as to be born and to a little infant, perhaps, the one is as painful as the other. Francis Bacon - Essays Of Death

Gender Issues in Special Education Essay

While it is obvious to researchers that phallics and distaffs ar disproportionately served by fussy(a) developdaysing programs, the springs for the sex influence be not clear. Boys and girls argon known to comprise equal proportions of the school-aged population nevertheless, boys atomic number 18 known to account for approximately two-thirds of all students served in finicky upbringing (Gender as a Factor in Special Education Eligibility, Services, and Results). Is it because the breedingal policies of some states of America p make to send off to a greater extent boys than girls for picky learning programs?Or, atomic number 18 there essential differences between boys and girls to account for the sexual activity spread in superfluous education? The present research evaluates the answers to these questions for education professionals to attempt to bridge the sexual practice fissure in special education. atomic number 18 there sexual urge differences to account for the gender gap in special education? Studies on disability create by and large emphasized on commonalities among persons with disabilities instead of addressing gender based differences. This is the indicate why there is teensy-weensy known ab turn out the different experiences and characteristics of boys and girls with disabilities (Gender as a Factor).It is kindle to note that the problem of the gender gap in special education does not exist in the United States alone. Studies ask addressed this division in relation to the alter populations in the United Kingdom, Norway, and Canada as well. As a matter of situation, researchers learn to a fault noted the differences between the acquisition needs and schoolman achievements of boys and girls in the uniform schoolroom. The differences among boys and girls in the regular classroom discontinue us to infer that boys and girls atomic number 18, indeed, different in terms of their educational needs and achieve ments.Hence, the gender gap in special education whitethorn exist for a genuine reason. Chapman (2006) writes Sitting in the same classroom, reading the same textbook, listening to the same teacher, boys and girls receive very different educations. In fact, upon entering school, girls perform equal to or better than boys on more or less every measure of achievement, but by the time they graduate uplifted school or college, they have fallen behind. However, discrepancies between the act of girls and the performance of boys in elementary education leads some critics to argue that boys are organism neglected within the education system.Across the country, boys have never been in more trouble They earn 70 percentage of the Ds and Fs that teachers dole out. They make up two thirds of students denominate learning disable. They are the culprits in a whopping 9 of 10 alcohol and drug violations and the suspected perpetrators in 4 out of 5 crimes that end up in juvenile court. The y account for 80 percent of high school dropouts and charge deficit disorder diagnoses. This performance contrast is notable throughout Canada. In Ontario, Education Minister Janet Ecker said that the results of the exchangeable grade 3 and grade 6 testing in maths and reading showed, persistent and glaring discrepancies in achievements and attitudes between boys and girls. In British Columbia, standardized testing indicates that girls outperform boys at all takes of reading and piece and in Alberta testing shows that girls, signifi jackpottly outperform boys on reading and indite tests, while almost matching them in math and science. However, the American stand of University Women published a report in 1992 indicating that females receive less attention from teachers and the attention that female students do receive is ofttimes more prejudicious than attention received by boys.In fact, examination of the socialization of gender within schools and evidence of a gender bi ased hidden political platform demonstrates that girls are shortchanged in the classroom. Furthermore, there is significant research indicating steps that can be taken to minimize or eliminate the gender bias currently present in our education system. If teachers are, indeed, responsible for giving more attention to boys than the girls, this whitethorn very well be a reason why boys are more often linkred to special education programs than the girls. scour so, the academic achievement of girls tends to be higher than that of the boys in most regular classrooms.Therefore, there may be no reason to blame the teachers for referring more boys than the girls to special education programs. Vaishnav (2002) writes that boys are more presumable to act out in class than the girls simply because boys tend to be more fighting(a) while girls tend to be more static. Furthermore, girls are more likely to be compliant, and this attitude on their part can be misdirect because girls may be hid ing their disabilities behind their compliance. Even so, it is noteworthy that the gender gap in special education varies from school district to school district in the United States.Among the emotionally disturbed children in Milwaukee, for extype Ale, save fifty five percent are boys. In Kansas City, on the different hand, almost ninety percent of the students diagnosed as emotionally disturbed are males. In the schools of mummy, males are slightly more likely than girls to be determine with hearing or vision problems, and one and a half gene symmetryn more likely to be identified as mentally mentally retarded (Vaishnav). What is more, males are twice more likely than girls to be labeled with learning disabilities, and more than three times as likely to be called emotionally disturbed (Vaishnav). Are state policies responsible for the gender gap in special education? info on the gender gap in special education let outs that boys are overrepresented in special education irr espective of school district and state. Nonetheless, it is noteworthy that the school districts in Massachusetts, on total, refer students for special education programs according to the following ratio for male to female students 73 (District Rates Students with Disabilities by Race and Gender, 2004). mayhap this ratio is based on a state policy that requires more males to be referred for special education programs.Indeed, there are three true reasons cited for the gender gap in special education, one of which is the bias in special education referral and assessment procedures (Tschantz & Markowitz, 2003). The other reasons include the biological and behavioral differences between male and female students. Even so, the reason that points to continuant discrimination in special education requires the watchion of data from states to reveal the actual gender gap in special education in different states and school districts.By knowing that the gender gap in a certain state is wider than the gap in another state, for example, we may very well be able to identify the state policies that may be responsible for the difference (Tschantz & Markowitz). Coutinho & Oswald (2005) have conducted a study on state policies with regards to special education. According to the researchers, states that either have a high or low proportion of students assigned to special education programs are more likely to identify more males than females for these programs. eyesight that the law of the United States does not demand school authorities to refer more males than females for special education programs, the authors recommend that all states must(prenominal) collect data to analyze the gender gap in special education. The data that is collected thus would allow researchers to examine where the problem truly lies. Is it because the teachers are referring more males than females because they observe the differences in the classroom? Or, is it because certain school distr icts opt to send off more males than females to the special education classroom?The authors get ahead note that the educators may very well be biased in their implementation of identification and referral policies. Hence, a vigorous, systematic evaluation is a unavoidableness in the identification of the real reasons for the gender gap in special education (Coutinho & Oswald). Analysis of the Findings and Conclusion Sanders (2002) confirms the conclusion of Chapman that there is a difference between the levels of attention received by boys and girls in schools. well-nigh of the reasons for the differences are pointed out by the author as the following (1) The ratio of boys to girls taking the highest level Advanced Placement Test in computer Science is 91 (2) Eighty five percent of girls from 8th to the eleventh grade report that they have been sexually harassed in school, while the percentage is lower for males (3) All except one of the school shootings in recent years had been committed by white male students and (4) The average boy in eleventh grade writes at the level of the average girl in eighth grade.Perhaps, therefore, we must agree with the fact that there is a difference in the learning needs and academic achievements of boys and girls to a fault in the regular classroom. The difference between boys and girls in the regular classroom helps us to understand that the gender gap in the special education programs is perchance a genuine one. However, there is very little research on the differences between males and females with regard to disabilities. This is the reason why researchers are as yet unclear about the real meaning of the gender gap in special education.Research in future must focus on the differences between males and females with regard to disabilities. Only then shall we cogitate with certainty that there is a genuine gender gap in special education, perhaps because there are more disabled boys than disabled girls. Vaishnavs anal ysis of the reason for the gender gap in special education is very important, seeing that girls are definitely more passive while boys are certainly more active in the classroom. This is the reason why educators find it easier to identify emotionally disturbed boys.Males are also more likely to show their learning disabilities more easily than the females, for the simplex reason that boys act out in class more often than the girls. Females may hide their disabilities from their teachers through their passivity and compliance. This analysis carries an important lesson for teachers perhaps teachers should learn to identify learning disabilities and emotional disturbance in girls by a different method altogether. Psychological, including IQ testing, should definitely help. Research has also suggested that boys are twice more likely than girls to be identified as gifted students (Chapman).If psychological, including IQ testing, is made mandatory for all students, however, the gender ga p may very well be bridged. Lastly, it is important to note that researchers have not yet found differences in state policies with regards to the gender gap in special education. There is no state policy that understandably asks for boys to be referred in greater numbers to special education programs. Nevertheless, there are differences among states with respect to the gender gap. Besides, our research on Massachusetts shows that most school districts maintain an average ratio of boys to girls that are referred to special education programs.Even though research would not identify the reason for this average ratio, Countinho & Oswald are correct to conclude that thorough data appeal would allow us to analyze the gender gap more easily. By knowing exactly where the gender gap widens or contracts, educational researchers would be able to study the specific school district policies that relate to the same. This would allow them to identify the real reasons for the gender gap in scho ol education, and why it widens or contracts in certain states or school districts as compared to the others.irrespective of limited research on the real reasons of the gender gap in special education, educators are required to pay equal attention to girls and boys in their classrooms. This is, perhaps, the most important lesson to be learned from the present research. After all, by paying more attention to boys, teachers may be negatively impacting the lives of absolute gifted girls. Similarly, there may be countless learning disabled girls who may benefit from special education programs even though their teachers have not identified them as learned disabled. Equal opportunity in education is of the essence.Psychological testing, including IQ testing, is certainly expected to help educators along the way.References Chapman, A. (2006). Gender Bias in Education. Research Room. Retrieved Nov 25, 2007, from http//www. edchange. org/multicultural/papers/genderbias. html. Coutinho, M. J . , & Oswald, D. (2005, Jan 1). State variation in gender disproportionality in special education findings and recommendations. Remedial and Special Education. District Rates Students with Disabilities by Race and Gender. (2004, Oct 1). Massachusetts Department of Education. Retrieved Nov 25, 2007, from http//www. doe. mass.edu/InfoServices/reports/enroll/sped05/rg. pdf. Gender as a Factor in Special Education Eligibility, Services, and Results. Retrieved Nov 25, 2007, from http//www. iteachilearn. com/uh/meisgeier/statsgov20gender. htm. Sanders, J. (2002, Nov 1). Something Is Missing from Teacher Education Attention to twain Genders. Phi Delta Kappan. Tschantz, J. , & Markowitz, J. (2003, Jan). Gender and Special Education Current State Data Collection. Quick Turn Around. Retrieved Nov 25, 2007, from http//www. nasdse. org/publications/gender. pdf. Vaishnav, A. (2002, Jul 8). Some Say Boys Singled Out for Wrong Reasons. The capital of Massachusetts Globe.

National Crime Survey

Would you answer honestly if participating in a national crime survey asking about your immoral behavior, including whatever drinking and drug use? Yes I would participate in the survey. I would be honest because I suck nothing to hide and no reason to lie. But for some they dont want good deal to know what crimes they have committed or they lie about the finish of the crimes. But I think its because they want to be seen in a good light.A good term for this is called hearty Desirability Bias which means that you reply in a dash that is socially acceptable and desirable. 1 The main purpose of this study is to allow the participants to portray the crimes in their own words instead of implying from observing participants. 2 Honesty in these self-report studies help many different groups to better understand crime and criminal behavior. They use these reports to gather information to put them into statistics.The reports that are used are collected from the NIBRS (National Incide nt-Based Reporting System) and NCVS (National Crime Victimization Survey) and published by FBI in their yearly UCR ( Uniform Crime Report. ) In some forms of deviance self-report studies have been proven better than police reports (ex minor offenses among adolescents. ) In a sorting of social-psychological studies these reports have been proven very useful (ex monitoring of subjective feelings or states is at issue) 3 Dishonesty in these repo

Lean Manufacturing

Introduction run away manufacturing is the harvest- sentenceion of goods by an approach which organises at reducing neutralize stuff succession channeling them to useful activities. consort manufacturing concentrees on victimisation little human and machinery effort, little manufacturing space and less judgment of conviction to produce and assume new harvest- terms while producing less waste material. The archetype of bung manufacturing focuses on three major aspects which include returns of fiber of merchandises and employment beat and in addition cost reduction. Other aspects of pitch manufacturing arouse been established which evince on improve the smoothness of work and in effect preeminent to waste reduction. be given implementations master(prenominal) goal is to get down the right things at the appropriate place, at the indispensable time in the correct quantity so as to spend a penny good products while reducing wastes. list techniques atomic number 18 utilise to tiller work easier to understand and to perform. (Field, W. M. 2001).The supposition of lean production requires that the products produced must strike off up the customers needs at the specific time by understand the activities inevitable and optimizing them to complete the surgical operation from the customers view. The aim of lean manufacturing is to run through waste material in either aspects of production which includes factory management, customer relations and determination in this concept, waste material is considered as anything that the customer is unwilling to remunerate for. Lean techniques be concepts designed to switch off waste products and achieve an businesslike production system.Lean techniques inspection and repair industries to improve performers, productivity, tailor cost and improve the foster of the company. A lean manufacturing system requires the use of correct resources and tools to attain the main(prenominal) goals of lean production. Lean techniques be designed in a product aligned manner where production is based on a unrivalled piece current system in which production is in a continuous flow. Lean techniques require a continuous improvement of processes go and products over a period of time with the aim of reducing waste, improving product performance and customers satisfaction. The main goal of lean technique is to eliminate waste in every aspect of production including factory management, product designs and supplier system. Incorporation of less human effort and less time to develop the products has led to achieve this goal.A range of eccentric/lean improvement techniques related to the study of Industrial fusss.Industries and companies be both using this methods and the sestet stigma method to reduce waste, accession speed while at the same time providing defect and variation reduction, using this tools together has help a great deal in achieving the receiptss and reducing pr oduction of wastes. Lean Six Sigma is an improvement technique which helps to attain maximum improvement in customer satisfaction, cost reduction, quality improvement and speedy processing.Lean techniques help in stigma so as to nourishment tools, materials and personnel in a proper manner so as to minimize waste and to increase speed. The lean half-dozen stigma techniques are also fork upd for improvement of the study technology, and human resource department of the company. In this method, company practices such as having and framing new employees canister be minimize when speeding is increase and non value adding activities are askd and also when waste is eliminated. The lean six methods assist in keeping the focus of the industry on the ii goals. by this commercialization process of the company is made efficient by delivering within the shortest time new capable products and services to the market.Lean improvement techniques are focused on the main goal which is to ident ity the value of an industry. subsequently identifying the value, they work to create the value in steps which minimize the essence of waste created. To achieve this, they need to standardize and regulate working practices and at the same time clear up the workplace. 5s is a methodology of modify up and organizing the workplace which originated from Japan.This technique emphasizes more on how to achieve and support cleanliness and visual orderliness at the workplace. In this methodology, companies are required to hold unnecessary items from the workplace and organize it, to make it easier for employees to perform their tasks in a clean and orderly working environment. 5s usually can be translated into sort, set in order, shine, standardize and sustain. Sort refers to remove unnecessary tools and items from the workplace and identifying the approximately needed tools to perform the tasks.Set in order, watchs that tools and materials are arranged in a manner which is easier for the employees to access. Finally sustain gibes that 5s method is assimilated in the organization culture. To ensure this is adhered to by all employees, their performance is measured and they are informed of their proceed routinely. The main benefit of this method is that it keeps the workplace orderly and clean. As a result, efficiency is improved by reducing time take to face for tools by reducing inventory and cycle of production time. (Hobbs, D. P. 2003).Total productive maintenance (TPM) is a lean technique which focuses on incorporating all functions and categories of an organization so as to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of their production process. Its main aim is to reduce accidents and mistake made during operation and production. It is a technique which aims at observeing maintenance breakdowns, eliminating product defects and designing tools and materials which require less maintenance. Cellular manufacturing also referred to as one-piece flow system, sup ports a smooth flow of materials, where equipments are arranged in an aligned procedure so as to reduce transport delays. By using this technique, the production capacity of an industry can be increased by adding more production units. (Dennis, P. 2002).The concept that Lean has on economic aspirations of developed and developing countriesLean manufacturing which is described as a system to eliminate waste and improve productivity, is the answer to eliminate the problem of jobless people in these countries. Lean manufacturing technique must be aligned appropriately at all production levels so as to improve the frugality of these countries. Developing countries have discovered lean manufacturing techniques are effective in reducing costs and waste by increase their workforce, so as to have a one piece flow system.These countries must reduce costs at all levels by repugn all their activities to establish whether the activities add value to the customers. This way, they can eliminate business processes which do not add value to the customer or benefit the industry. They should focus their attention more by determining why a certain operation must be used. Preventing production defects is more profitable than fixing it. Therefore, removing all non-value added activities is more beneficial to the company, and in the long run, improves the economy of these countries. (Conner, G. 2001).By identifying activities which provide more value to the customer, companies will be able to reduce costs, reduce the time required to achieve a product and also improve the quality of their products. Use of lean manufacturing in developing countries ensures flexibility and one- piece flow production which leads to production of goods which are best suitable for the customers needs by meeting the delivery time at a reduced cost. This enables the countries to expand their internal market by reducing costs. Having a customers based focus, is a technique which has enabled industries t o focus on customers input and feedback to ensure customers satisfaction and so promotes the sales.Physical and Socio economic impact of Lean on resources and pollutionWhile lean manufacturing techniques focus mainly on reducing waste and eliminating non-value added activities in their production system, they also assume practices which help in improving environmental performance. Through this, they are able to focus on the environment and related resources by reducing pollution. Industries are directing their attention to lean manufacturing so as to reduce cost and production requirement resource, to improve their product quality and enhance customer satisfaction and responsiveness so as to advance the companys profits. The main goal of lean technique is to eliminate waste in every aspect of production including factory management, product designs and supplier system. Incorporation of less human effort and less time to develop the products has led to achieve this goal.Industries engage in lean techniques which focus more on production efficiency and improving production of resources. Doing this results to, using less material, using less energy, and in effect, producing less waste. This culture in turn benefits the environment, in the sense that industries train their employees to focus on environmental friendly practices so as to reduce waste production and prevent pollution.Lean methods have established continual improvement based waste body waste techniques which lead to improvement in environmental performance. Research studies have shown that lean techniques focus on environmental management tools which include, life cycle and tools implemented to reduce the environmental risks and pollution. Decreasing the material used during production peculiarly water, chemicals, energy and other inputs, reduces chance of producing more waste during manufacturing and thus less waste is channeled into the environment. The continual improvement techniques used by i ndustries enables them to identify and remove waste materials during the production process. (Taghizadegan, S. 2006).ConclusionLean manufacturing techniques have been implemented so as to provide customers with a range of higher quality products at lower prices through many different sales channels. Lean manufacturing focuses on using less human and machinery effort, less manufacturing space and less time to produce and develop new products while producing less waste material. The concept of lean manufacturing focuses on three major aspects which include improvement of quality of products and production time and also cost reduction. Other aspects of lean manufacturing have been established which emphasize on improving the smoothness of work and in effect leading to waste reduction. Lean implementations main goal is to get the right things at the appropriate place, at the required time in the correct quantity so as to attain good products while reducing wastes.Lean techniques are imp lemented to make work easier to understand and to perform. The concept of lean production that the products produced must meet the customer needs at the specific time by understand the activities required and optimizing them to complete the process from the customers view. The aim of lean manufacturing is to eliminate waste material in all aspects of production which includes factory management, customer relations and design in this concept, waste material is considered as anything that the customer is unwilling to pay for. Lean techniques are concepts designed to reduce waste products and achieve an efficient production system.ReferencesConner, G. (2001). Lean Manufacturing for the Small Shop. SME.Dennis, P. (2002). Lean Production Simplified. Productivity Press.Field, W. M. (2001). Lean Manufacturing. CRC Press.Hobbs, D. P. (2003). Lean Manufacturing Implementation. J. Ross Publishing.Taghizadegan, S. (2006). Essentials of Lean Six Sigma. Academic Press.

Anyone Except the Clutters: the Question of Meaning in Capote’s in Cold Blood

A strange thing meets when pile like the Clutters experience an undeserved misfortune. Perhaps misfortune is an understatement in the Clutters case, but the f practice is that when bad things guide to dangerous hoi polloi, everyone around them sack non help but question the nature of good and evil with that comes the existence of God. Capote put it best in the advert he included from the schoolteacher Feeling wouldnt run half so high if this had happened to anyone except the Clutters. Anyone less admired. Prosperous. Secure. nevertheless that family represented everything plurality here nearlys re in ally value and respect, and that such a thing could happen to them well , its like being told there is no God. It makes aliveness seem pointless. (88) The question of why bad things happen to good people is a very loaded question one that is broader than the scope of this es consecrate. The finishing of this essay leave alone be to determine what Capotes upshot to this que stion is, at least in the context of this novel. Does he desire that the Clutters died for a causa, or that it was simply a random act that they were caught up in by chance?Throughout the novel, the one event who is all told consumed by the question of meaning is Detective Dewey. His dedication to finding the Clutters murderers is driven by his belief that he might suddenly see something, that a meaningful detail would declare itself (83). The Clutters murder didnt seem to contract any apparent meaning. But Detective Dewey was non alone in his belief that the actions people do are meaningful that the events that occur in this world nonplus an order, a design.This belief is prevalent, especially in religious groups, and we learn in the novel that Holcomb, Kansas is part of the Bible Belt (34). It was in spades a religious town, and the Clutters were churchgoing folk. Dewey, for this reason, cannot escape believing there is a reason for everything, and that the Clutters death had a purpose. Is that what Capote wishes to tell us? Because I have a difficult time spirit what purpose there could be for a hard-working, wealthy family of quad to be murdered in their beds for a few dollars and a radio (103).The structure of this novel is preferably strange for a murder-mystery it is not told chronologically the night of the murder is skipped everyplace until the very end. More importantly, we are told right from the beginning of the novel that the four Clutters are murdered, and we know who murdered them. For a typical murder-mystery, the revelation of the slayer is always the climax of the action. In fact, Capote has given us much than the names of the killers he gives us insight into their lives, and thoughts, leading up the murders.The reason for this is because Capote has fashioned a novel where we are not exercise to find out who perpetrated the crime, but why the killers killed the Clutters. I think, of all the characters in this novel, Dewey is th e tho one who tries to answer this question. In fact, the reason why he believes that the killers to be motivated by personal interests, even though the deaths were rude and without apparent motive (70), is because he believes that there must be something he is not visual perception.He mentions several times that the police department didnt have all the facts (70) and didnt really know what they were dealing with. He looks at all the clues analyses all the data interviews all the townspeople who had grudges, business, or any reason to dislike the Clutters. He knows that the information he is seeing doesnt make spirit impression, but he cant numeral out the key, the clue, the mystery that will make their deaths make sense. Dewey thinks that the key to understanding why the Clutters died is their killers. If he can find who killed the Clutters then he will know why they killed the Clutters.Unfortunately, all of the knowledge about the crimes from those who committed it does not g ive Dewey any definitive answers But the confessions, though they answered questions of how and why, failed to satisfy his sense of meaningful design. The crime was a psychological accident, virtually an inert act the victims might as well have been killed by lightning. (245) I fatiguet think that this is a fair statement for Dewey to make, although he is the character that would definitely believe this way. Saying that the Clutters might as well have bee killed by lightning (245) is to say that anything could have killed them.While this is true in the sense that anyone could die at any given moment, it is not true in the sense that the killers could not have been just anybody. The Clutters were a good, white, well-off and (reasonably) happy. though when we read this novel, we may not feel extremely attached to the Clutters, we can easily see that they were good people. Their neighbours have only nice things to say about them, and the town thinks that of all the people in the worl d, they were the least belike to be murdered (85). They were not the kind of people who made former(a) people want to murder them.The killings could be said to have been impersonal, but I think that the more correct statement is not that anything could have killed the Clutters, but that Dick and Perry could have killed anyone. The Clutters were the arbitrary part of the equation. The only reason they were chosen over any other family was the fact that they were tip off about a safe on their property. If they had never been told about the safe I believe that Dick and Perry, in all likelihood, would never have met the Clutters. The killers, particularly Dick, were prepared to kill up to twelve people that November night.Dick had no way of knowing who would be there, but knew that it didnt matter who was there, he would do what he had to in order to unsex his and Perrys venture. That they only got a radio and 40 or 50 dollars out of the bargain was secondary. The Clutters were the e pitome of the American Dream, embodying a lifestyle that all Americans could relate to. But if they die and there is no reason for it, no meaning to it, then that means that the American Dream, by extension, is also deceased it would be like being told there is no God (88).If the American Dream is dead, then being a good person is not enough to protect you from the bad things in the world. I think that though Capote has Dewey searching for meaning to this tragedy, I would argue that Dewey never finds what he is searching for. The perpetrators were expected to be monsters evil remorseful at least. But I dont think Dick and Perry fulfilled the domains idea of the Clutters murderers. ? Works Cited Capote, Truman. In cold Blood. Toronto Random House, 1993. Print.

Frankenstein by Mary Shelly

In their chapter on ghosts in literature, Bennett and Royle propose that nineteenth degree Celsius literature change the widespread understanding of ghosts. The ghost now moved into wholenesss head. The ghost is internalised it becomes a mental symptom, and no longer a thing that goes bump in the dark (p. 133). Frankenstein by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley certainly go outs evidence for this argument that nineteenth century Gothic literature became more come to with the stalk consciousness than the obsessed house (Byron 2004 Stirling University).The story like all Gothic works is concerned with the un faecesny, and if we reckond the popular representation of Frankenstein, we could be fooled into thinking that it is simply close to a terrifying, grotesque monster. However, is this actually what Shelleys novel is about? By paying accompaniment attention to chapter two in volume two of Frankenstein, and using Bennett and Royles chapter on ghosts, I will consider to what exte nt Frankenstein can be draw as a ghost tier. Before we start to look at Frankenstein itself, we should first look at the context in which it was written.As is rise up known, Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein when travelling in Geneva with her husband Percy Bysshe Shelley and noble Byron. In her preface to Frankenstein, Shelley tells the reader that in the evenings we crowded around a egregious wood fire, and, occasionally amused ourselves with some(a) Ger while stories of ghosts She goes on to make how these tales excited us in a playful desire of imitation. Percy Shelley, Lord Byron and myself agreed to write each a story, founded on some witching(prenominal) occurrence (Norton Anthology, p. 908).So before we consider even read her tale, we know that she ab initio intended to write it as some form of ghost story. Did Shelley fall upon her goal? Chapter two in volume two of Frankenstein does divulgem to provide evidence to the presence of the theme of the supernatural. Thi s is the chapter in which maestro and his instrument be reunited after achiever first ran a mien after bringing the beast to life because he was terrified by its horrific look. Prior to this, our nevertheless impression of the pecker was very much a mysterious one we knew him lone(prenominal) by Victors description of his hideous and deformed appearance.Now we get down to meet him for ourselves, and our first impression may be that of shock non because of his appearance (as of course we never really know what the animate organism looks like) but collectable to the eloquence with which he speaks. As Sparknotes summarise, The monsters eloquent narration of events reveals his remarkable esthesia and benevolence. The creature tells Victor of the pain and rejection he has had to suffer with great sensation All men hate the wretched how then must I be hated, who am miserable beyond all living things (Norton Anthology, p. 960).His communicative words show us that the creat ure is not a strictly evil macrocosm, as Victor would have had us believe. The creatures appearance has an otherworldly attribute, simply because we never know and never will know what he actually looks like we can b atomic number 18ly rely on Victors and Waltons descriptions which may be biased, and so his appearance remains a secret. Nicholas Abraham ventures that ghosts have to do with unspeakable secrets (Bennett and Royle, p. 134).As we know, Frankenstein tangle his secret of creating life was unspeakable to his family and friends the only person he recounts his tale to is Walton (that the reader knows of any way of life). On the other hand, Victor never ever reiterates the creatures horrific appearance, and pays much less attention to the human-centered, slight side of the creature. This turns out to be a fatal and tragic mis enquire, as the creatures human characteristics turn out to be the most important it is his humane side that becomes blackened by rejection of s ociety, and causes the creature to gobble up Victors family and friends and eventually, Victor himself.The way in which the creature appears before Victor in this chapter is to a fault exceedingly eerie. He bounds over the crevices in the ice as an answer to Victors call to the spirits. Victor pleads with them Wandering spirits, if indeed ye wander, and do not rest in your squeeze beds, allow me this faint happiness, or draw back me, as your companion, away from the joys of life (Norton Anthology, p. 959). The accompaniment that the creatures arrival comes when Victor is pleading for someone to carry him away from his worries by means of death could foreshadow who Victors saviour will be.The creature also has a distinguishable set on Victor when the two argon reunited he becomes the catalyst to cause Victor to become haunted only by his sheer animal hatred of the creature. As the creature approaches Victor, Victor describes how exasperation and hatred had at first deprived me of utterance, and I recovered only to overwhelm him with words expressive of furious detestation and contempt (Norton Anthology, p. 959). The creature has a ghostlike effect on Victor, as he causes him to become paralysed, not by fear however, but by his pure loathing for him.If we take this further, we could even venture to say that from the creatures animation right until Victors death, the creature initiates a haunting theme that persists through with(predicate)out the novel-the sense that the monster is inescapable, ever present, liable(p) to appear at any moment and wreak havoc (Sparknotes). Victor constantly lives in fear from the appearance of the creature, and also fears that he will kill all his family and friends. The way in which Frankenstein is narrated also carries on this haunting theme.It is told through a series of multiple narratives, as if Shelley was trying to recreate the way in which scary stories are passed down through generations, and by chance also how t hey change over time. A noteworthy example of the creatures haunting effect on Victor comes when the two are reunited on the glacier. Victor describes with curse the feeling that came over him as he beheld the figure of a man advancing towards me with superhuman speed. He tells the reader that I felt a faintness seize me but I was quickly restored by the nippy gale of the mountains.I perceived as the shape came nearer, (sight tremendous and abhorred that it was the wretch whom I had created. I trembled with rage and execration (Norton Anthology, p. 959). Victor must have, on some level, expected a reunion with his creature at some layover he knew he could only run from him for so long. However, his wrong feelings has haunted him from the creatures creation, and so it could be that the creature is simply the condition of all of Victors guilt and remorse for acting like God. This could explain why he is overwhelmed with horror not by the creatures appearance, but because now he has to face his guilt head on, which he has attempted to put out of his mind for so long.We should also observe that Victor says he was restored by the cold gale of the mountains (Norton Anthology, p. 959) when he feels faint. This is the chapter in which the theme of sublime temperament becomes utterly important in regard to understanding Victor Frankenstein, his creature and their remarkable relationship (Sparknotes). The high-minded scenery of nature affects Victors moods, has the power to move him and remind him of good generation and also bad times.In a striking example, he goes so far as to say that these sublime and magnificent scenes afforded me the greatest quilt that I was capable of receiving (Norton Anthology, p. 58). This comment may show that Victor takes great comfort in Gods creation, that is, nature, than his own family, to whom he has not told his awful secret, and and so a barrier has been created. Victor has chosen instead to isolate himself and take co mfort from the inanimate and almost haunting scenes around him.The changing stomach can also arouse in Victor his feelings of despondency. He remarks the fall poured down in torrents, and thick mists hid the summits of the mountains. I rose early, but felt unusually melancholy. The rain depressed me my old feelings recurred, and I was miserable (Norton Anthology, p. 58). This could reveal that Victors moods are ruled by some absent yet ever-present being perhaps God. God is notable primarily by his distinct absence in the novel (Byron 2004 Stirling University). However, the way that Victor does not appear to have the power to control his own feelings could show us that he has deep in thought(p) some of his own life and vitality in creating the creature, and now leaves it up to the changing nature and weather to control his emotions. The place where Victor and his creature meet is also significant, as it first introduces the idea of the creature being Victors doppelganger.The f act that they both meet at a rather hit-or-miss scene of beauty rather than an actual place could show that they are both isolate creatures, albeit that Victor is isolated because he chooses to be, and the creature because he has to hide from human eyes. The language that Victor uses indicates to the reader that he would prefer to be alone with his secret in nature than with other people. He uses phrases such as solitary grandeur and terrifically desolate (Norton Anthology, p. 958) to describe the scenes around him, and perhaps also his state of mind.The creature, like Victor, is affected by beautiful nature around him, and feels that the desert mountains and dreary glaciers are my refuge, (Norton Anthology, p. 960) which also reflects how Victor feels. The creature and Victor are both so at home in nature, which could stress that there is more to this relationship than meets the eye are these two really so different? Many modern critics believe that the creature is Victors doppel ganger. In earlier Gothic literature, evil was generally located in an external source, but Frankenstein sees a turn inwards to a centralize on the evil within ourselves (Byron 2004 Stirling University).Bennett and Royle propose that conflicting senses of the word ghost insinuate ghosts are both exterior and central to our sense of the human (p. 132). The creature in Frankenstein is the embodiment of this confusion. While he is physically exterior, he also pervades Victors consciousness. It has to be remembered that it was Victor who created the creature, and so perhaps the creature is Victors doppelganger, as he is the embodiment of an internal and irreparable division in the human psyche (Byron 2004 Stirling University).It is possible to see that the gaps between Frankenstein and his creature are not as wide as we may have initially believed. However, while I do believe that Frankenstein is a ghost story to a very large extent, I do not think one could describe the tale of Frank enstein without, at some point, mentioning the genre of perception fiction. While at once being Gothic and having the style of the German ghost stories that Shelley and her companions were reading on their travels, the story would have much less of an impact if it were not for the role that science plays in the book.Victor becomes obsessed by the secret of life in the book, and it is he who creates the ghost in the story, so it is not simply a courting of the bogey man in Frankenstein. The creature challenges our way of thinking about ghosts because he was brought to life made of dead parts, as if life can spring from death with the use of science. So, while I would argue that the tale is most definitely a ghost story, I do not think that Frankenstein would have become such a literary unpolluted if Shelly had not chosen to use the role of science to show us what can happen if we mere mortals meddle too much with Gods prerogative.

Poverty in Ghana

In re cent years, gold coast has emerged as a leading stadium in the westerlyern and Central Africa region. It has developed its economy on a scale that could enable it to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) before the 2015 deadline. It withal managed a smooth and peaceful political transition in 2008 and 2009, and has created a political and policy environment conducive to economic and favorable pass on and meagreness reduction. The Ghanaian economy has grown at an average yearly rate of 4. 8 per cent over the past two decades.By 2008 GDP growth had reached 7. per cent. The agriculture sector, which contributed 33. 5 per cent of GDP in 2008, remains the countrys major engine of economic growth. quick economic progress has all but halved national poverty order, which grant fallen from approximately 50 per cent in 1991 to 28. 5 per cent in 2006. In the last decade, poverty rates dropped by 8. 6 per cent in urban areas and by 10. 4 per cent in rural ones. Ghanas gro wth and poverty reduction rates are probably the best that have been come acrossd throughout sub-Saharan Africa in the past 15 years.Where are Ghanas rural measly people? Although there has been a substantial overall decline in the incidence of poverty in Ghana, poverty still has a firm grip on rural areas, especially in the north. There is a wide disparity in income between people reinforcement in the drought-prone northern plains, and those living in the south, where there are two growing seasons and greater economic opportunities. Who are Ghanas rural poor people? Just over half(a) the countrys population lives in rural areas.The poorest parts of Ghana are the savannah regions of the north (the Northern, Upper East and Upper West regions), where chronic food insecurity is widespread and livelihoods are more vulnerable. little rural people have limited memory access to elemental social services, safe water, roads that are accessible year round, and electricity and scream services. Poverty is to the highest degree severe among food crop farmers, who are in the main traditional mild producers. About six in ten small-scale farmers are poor, and many are women. Women bear heavy workloads.In attachment to their domestic chores, they are responsible for about 60 per cent of pastoral production. More than half the women who head households in rural areas are among the poorest 20 per cent of the population. Why are Ghanas rural people poor? check to the Governments poverty reduction strategy paper, low productiveness and poorly functioning markets for agricultural outputs are among the main causes of rural poverty. mild farmers lack the technologies and inputs, such as fertilizer and better seed, that would increase yields. community pressure leads to shorter fallow periods or even continuous cultivation in the densely inhabited Upper East and Upper West regions, create soil erosion and loss of fertility. Land degradation poses a long-term threat to farmers livelihoods and incomes. Only a small proportion of farmers have access to irrigation. Land ownership and domain security are regulated by complex systems that vary widely. Many farmers lack rural infrastructure and equipment for storing, impact and marketing their products.In order to overcome their vulnerability and food insecurity, poor rural populations need help in sustainably increasing their incomes. Good opportunities dwell to link farmers to markets and to modernize agriculture. The rural private sector could play an weighty role in making farming a profitable blood line through access to financial services, farm inputs and linkages to agroprocessors and traders. www. cfr. org Ghana is rich in natural resources and has one of the strongest emerging economies in Africa.The capital city, Accra, is one of the wealthiest and most modern cities on the continent, and is experiencing a period of rapid growth. Ghana is quick urbanizing. Despite this, most of Ghanas poor live in rural areas without basic services such as health care and clean water. small(a) farmers, who are affected most by rural poverty in Ghana, dep demolition on outdated farming tools and lack access to improved seeds and fertilizers to increase crop yields. Our Work The lust visualize has been working in Ghana since 1995 and is empowering partners in 49 epicenter communities to destruction their own hurt and poverty.Through its integrated approach to rural development, the epicentre Strategy, The Hunger object is working with partners to successfully access the basic services needed to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and lead lives of self-reliance. Scaling-Up the Epicenter Strategy Ghana is the start-off country in which The Hunger exteriorize is scaling up its Epicenter Strategy to will coverage to a set geographical area and reach significantly more people. In July 2006, The Hunger Project veritable a US$5 million investment to scale-up Hunger Project work in the east Region of Ghana.By the end of the five-year commitment, The Hunger Project-Ghana aims to have mobilized enough epicenter communities so that each villager in the Eastern Region is within walking distance to an epicenter building. By the end of the second year of its scale-up program, The Hunger Project-Ghana had successfully completed construction of 12 epicenters. Scaling-up has presented a number of challenges to The Hunger Project-Ghana, such as acquisition of land and the mobilization of construction materials.Our staff, however, is equipped with the training and skills to continue to mobilize partners to end their own hunger in the Eastern Region. Empowering Women The Hunger Project-Ghana has pioneered the Womens Empowerment course (WEP), which empowers women to become strong leaders in their households and communities. The WEP is a series of workshops that cerebrate on legal, civic and reproductive health rights as well as leadership skills for sel ected women.The trained women, also known as animators, then harbour out community-based educational activities using drama, mini-lectures and discussions. These animators are also trained to provide counseling and distribute non-prescriptive contraceptives. Microfinance Through its Microfinance Program in 2009, The Hunger Project disbursed 1,834 loans totaling $146,421. Partners in Ghana deposited $23,589 in savings during the year. Of the epicenters that are operating in Ghana, three have government-recognized Rural Banks and are self-reliant.

Vertical Boundaries

Chapter 10 Vertical boundaries Chapter 10 Vertical boundaries Aim of the chapter To generalize the factors that influence the musical modes in which proceedings on a perpendicular chain (value chain) should be/ atomic number 18 located on the grocery shaping continuum. Learning objectives On completion of this chapter and the essential pointing, you should halt a grievous to a lower placestanding of the undermenti unrivalledd terms and concepts motion plan of attack economics strategicalal calculation. Essential reading Buchanan, D. and A. Huczynski Organizational behaviour an introductory text. (London Prentice Hall, 2008) Chapter 18. Douma, S. nd H. Schreuder Economic addresses to presidential terms. (London Prentice Hall, 2008). Further reading Besanko, D. , D. Dranove and M. Shanley Economics of strategy. (New York Wiley, 1996). Coase, R. H. The problem of sociable damage, Journal of Law and Economics 3 1960, pp. 144. Grossman, S. and O. hart The ascend an d acquires of ownership a theory of steep and lateral integrating, Journal of Political Economy 94(4) 1986, pp. 691719. go awayiamson, O. E. The economics of organization the relations damage approach, Ameri asshole Journal of Sociology 87(3) 1981, pp. 54877. 10. 1 IntroductionAs noned in Chapter 1, we may meet the basic unit in systemal analysis as an exchange or dealing generated in the division of sweat. The division of labour (exogenous/endogenic Chapter 3) creates value or vertical chains for ex antiophthalmic factorle as shown in assure 10. 1(a) test from crude oil extraction to the retailing of oil colour products. We today act upon at the level of physical compositions or flyings (recognising that at a greater level of disaggregation the points in the chain atomic number 18 a like found on chains of the division of labour) and pose the inquiry as to where their boundaries should be located on the value chain.In fact the picture is usually to a great er extent interwoven than the one visualized in get word 10. 1(a). Activities usually matter on inputs at all points down the vertical chain, as depicted in general anatomy 10. 1(b). So organisations or commercialize exchanges could chasteness and set up each of these transactions. Furtherto a greater extent, some of these inputs may be common to the points on the master(prenominal) chain (see Appendix 1. 2 in this guide), same accounting services, in which case the picture looks more like Figure 10. 1(c). Note the part of di-graphs once a strain. 91 organisation theory an interdisciplinary approach a) oil extraction Refining Retailing (b) Shipping or pipe scattering (c) Accounting Figure 10. 1 In general we atomic number 18 enquire the question as to whether a particular transaction should be internalised (make) or left in the market place (buy), as depicted in Figure 10. 2 that is, whether a point on the chain should be a department/ function or div ision or remain separate. For the hour we cut back our attention to this simple pickax rather than the more distend positioning on the marketorganisation continuum.We shall return to the more exercise issue later on. Market (Price appliance) Figure 10. 2 Start by get hold ofing what the benefits and cost of using the market efficiency be. The benefits could include the following Independent unfluctuatings may be able to puff the benefits of economies of scale (i. e. see at an output that minimises unit costs) whereas internal departments may not. Unless the firm itself shadower absorb all the efficient output of the department, it must either operate below the optimal output level or sell on to an different firm.This might compromise any(prenominal) training advantages of the purchasing firm (see below). Independent firms be more subject to market disciplines than departments and may run down costs they fire control more effectively. Costs may be difficult to i dentify in departments. Firms might, though, attempt to replicate market incentives inside organisations. Tapered integrating refers to a situation where a firm is supplied partially by an independent firm and partially by its own department. This allows their relative cost structures to be compared. Independent firms (i. e. their managers) may have stronger incentives to introduce when compared with managers of departments. Organisation 92 Chapter 10 Vertical boundaries The costs of using the market might include the following Private entropy may be leaked to independent firms particularly if there is a read to share adept cultivation. The focal firm becomes to a degree dependent upon an independent fork overr (depending upon switching costs).Thus the latter has a berth resource (see Chapter 6) and may hire it to hold up the focal firm. It may prove difficult to control and co-ordinate liquefys of honorables and services down a vertical chain of independent firms. This may be particularly so where there is a submit to fit the products closely. Just-in sequence methods seek to overcome this problem and permit independent firms ofttimes with long-run relational hires (see below). The way most economists (following Coase and Williamson) intend around the weft amongst a market and organisational exchange/transaction is entirely definite choose the arrangement that minimises costs. The innovation here is to ntroduce the liking of transaction costs the costs involved in making (controlling and co-ordinating) the transaction. They are sometimes referred to as agency costs, and agency efficiency is found where they are minimised.So, if twain takings costs (which relate to technical efficiency) and transaction costs vary between organisational transactions and market transactions, thusly the total costs should be minimised. body process Now read personas 8. 1 and 8. 2 in D and S. If you would like to read a slightly more comprehensive economic approach to vertical integration, then read Besanko et al. 1996). In a world of full informed, intellectual actors where contracting is consummate, there are no transaction costs and the picking between market and organisational exchange is of no consequence (at least as conceived at bottom this framework) unless production costs vary (which, again, they should not under the same supposals). It is beca riding habit we relax both(prenominal) the assumptions of full rationality and full entropy in the context of substantive markets that transaction costs arise and the resource between market and organisational transaction is pertinent.Transaction costs theory is used both in a normative and coercive sense. The new assumptions are as follows Individual bounded rationality people are intentionally rational pull ahead limitedly so. Individuals are neither able to make very complex calculations nor to assimilate large amounts of information. As you might demand, soc iologists tend to like this assumption they see it as more realistic than the full assumptions of rationality. Opportunism individuals are not only self-interested hardly behave with guile.For ex vitamin Ale, in the context of spirited theory, individuals will issue promises which are not credible, make use of crooked information and they buttocksnot be trusted. Contracting about transactions is incomplete because of immanent indecision and incomplete information. Contracting can thus lead to ex punt self-seeking (namely, adverse selection) and ex post opportunism (namely, honorable hazard). These hazards will be exacerbated to the degree that there is little choice of transacting partners and so written reports (see Chapter 7) in respect of third parties will not constrain opportunism half-size numbers exchange. 3 Organisation theory an interdisciplinary approach Anticipated repeated action will make reputations important to both parties but if in the process ther e is development by doing, it is then costly to later switch exchange partner. Williamson (1981) calls this the fundamental transformation it ties the parties into the family relationship. Williamson also observes that parties to a transaction might have a preference for a certain type of transaction in addition to the costs and benefits. He calls this melodic line. In effect Williamson is introducing wider motives/utilities.Although the vocabulary introduced by Williamson is rather restrain at first sight, it has the advantage that it should link your thoughts into many of the brains you have already encountered. drill Think of transactions as a prisoners dilemma or trust spicy. Both parties would like to contract to carry out Pareto efficiency but each is wary of the other and in the absence of some mechanism to equilibrise this wariness, the exchange does not materialise the Nash vestibular sense. So what mechanisms are available? You should be able to list the mech anisms.They can be derived as follows. Competitive market the price as a adapted statistic here the prisoners dilemma does not model the situation. Organisation three possible mechanisms which can produce the Pareto-efficient outcome rather than the Nash equilibrium are 1. Authority and force-out. 2. Trust (cultural mechanisms). 3. Repeated transaction and reputation effects. As we have seen in earlier chapters, alongside monitoring and employment contracts (incentives), we expect organisations to avail themselves of a mixture of these mechanisms. besides note, if we think in terms of real markets rather than the ideal type of perfect markets, then the price mechanism is not suitable and perhaps these mechanisms might also apply at opposite positions on the marketorganisation continuum. We shall return to these matters later. Transaction cost economics embraces not only an unorthodox model of the individual but characterises aspects (dimensions, to use D and Ss terminology) of transactions that extend to upon the transaction costs.Activity Now read Section 8. 3 in D and S. The demarcation is that asset specificity (sometimes called relation-specific assets), uncertainty/complexity and frequency of exchange all join on the likelihood that a transaction will be laid (governed) inside an organisation (that is, make) rather than left to the market (that is, buy). Asset specificity comes in different forms site specificity adjacent sites, usually to economise on transport and dialogue costs physical asset specificity e. g. pipeline delivering crude oil utilise assets assets of a particular buyer dedicated to a particular relationship human asset specificity skills dedicated to a particular relationship which would be less valuable elsewhere. 94 Chapter 10 Vertical boundaries So we at present have a predictive theory about vertical integration and, incidentally, contracting out. By and large, empiric evidence has supported transaction cost theo ry particularly the impact of complexity in the context of uncertainty though one should entertain in mind what Williamson terms atmosphere.If there are widespread specific preferences for instance, managers might prefer the power implied by organisation this would complicate the picture. Furthermore, other factors might influence the choice between market and organisation. Regulation and taxation can confer advantages in deciding where profits are generated. For instance, taxation might favour small firms, and firms operating(a) across different national tax regimes may exit a chance it an advantage to contract out. An organisation might vertically integrate to gain a monopoly or demand information or to limit the flow of information to competitors (see below).Given all these possibilities, it is perhaps surprising that such strong empirical support for transaction cost theory is found. Appendix 10. 1 in this guide gives a slightly more orb approach to Williamsons reasonin g. The transaction costs approach still leaves open two questions 1. Will the integration, if appropriate, be backwards or forwards? 2. What type of organisation e. g. centralized or decentralised hierarchy? (I leave an answer to this question to Chapter 12. ) An addendum of transaction costs theory called property rights theory (which is not spine in D and S) provides an answer to the first question.When a transaction is internalised within an organisation, then ownership should (note the normative word) go to the party with the greatest impact upon the post-contractual rents. Activity Although this theory falls beyond this course, you might like to read Grossman and Hart (1986). Property rights theory is essentially a theory of dicker power. Incomplete contracts mean that residual extra-contractual control of assets is important. Ownership confers bargaining power over operational decisions when enforceable contracts break down.Anticipation of post-contractual hazards determin es earlier investment decisions. We presently need to complicate the picture by reintroducing the marketorganisation continuum, as in Figure 10. 3. I use the term continuum with a certain amount of licence as the alternative positions on it vary in a number of respects and could be reordered. The continuum runs from perfect competition, at one end, to integration or organisation, at the other. The question now is where should a transaction be placed on the continuum?Before answering this, let us look at what B and H have to say about the issues we have been discussing. 95 Organisation theory an interdisciplinary approach soupcon markets (perfect competition) Real markets Bargaining Franchising Long term contracts (network organisations) Tapered organisations Virtual organisations Alliances colligation venture Monopoly (small numbers) Externalities Asymmetric information Fixed cost ( happen to provider) Risk communion Cost plus (risk to buyer) Decentralised Integration (up/down) organisation Figure 10. Activity Now read Chapter 18 in B and H. Again, this chapter in B and H is extremely detailed you need to master the main ideas running down the left-hand margin. None of them is inconsistent with anything you have learned from D and S though note that the definition of vertical integration is in fact backwards vertical integration. Table 16. 3 in B and H gives a good overview of what I have termed the organisationmarket continuum. So let us now return to the continuum see Figure 10. 3 keeping the rich descriptions in B and Hs chapter in mind.First, look at what I have termed real markets. present we screw that in the real world the market environment is a good deal far from perfectly competitive. If the transaction is left to the price mechanism, then confused market distortions may undermine the price as a sufficient statistic. If, for instance, a supplier holds a monopoly, then backwards vertical integration may look attractive to a buyer. Likewise, a buyer might be tempted to vertically integrate backwards in order to acquire information or to reap benefits of vertical synergies (externalities).Long-term contracts (which will inevitably be incomplete) enable organisations to engage in a protracted relationship. They often top between buyers and suppliers in a vertical chain. D and S introduced the idea of relational contracting (an equivalent term). Remember, whenever you think in terms of contracts you need to think of the incentive, risksharing and information aspects. Fixed-term contracts put the risk of, say, increases in input prices to the supplier on the suppliers back. Cost plus contracts reverse the situation. amongst these two extremes, risk-sharing contracts can be objected.If the buyer and supplier have differing risk preferences then, other things being equal, an optimal contract can be found. web and virtual organisations (see B and H) are usually based upon long-term relational contracts, as are alliances. J oint ventures imply equity contribution from both the supplier and buyer. Centralised 96 Chapter 10 Vertical boundaries So the question now is where should a particular exogenously generated (by the division of labour) transaction be placed on the marketorganisation continuum? (The normative question. Alternatively, where is it placed and why? (The substantiative questions. ) Transaction cost economics claims to be both normative and positive and answers both questions minimise transaction and production costs But as we have seen, this is only part of the story. Activity Now read Section 9. 8 in D and S. In summary, the choice of the position of any vertical transaction on the marketorganisation continuum may be shaped by economies of scale anticipated information leakage getting information transaction costs residual property rights market imperfections regulation.But how are these various strands to be woven together? Unfortunately there is, as far as I am aware, no embr acing theory. B and H introduce you to the concept of corporate strategy and to what many organisation theorists term strategic choice. Although the idea that organisational arrangements innovationed to control and co-ordinate activities are a matter of choice was first introduced by sociologists in reaction to an earlier tradition that spoke of determinism often technological determinism we can now see this as an unhelpful distinction.Economists will always speak of choice where changing technology might either enhance or restrict the opportunity set which rational decision-takers face. We might then like to think of technological determinism when for whatever reason, the opportunity comprises a single option. I go on you to think in these terms even out if you want to question the suppressive notion of rationality (see Chapter 1). Activity Now read Chapter 9, particularly Sections 9. 19. 7, in D and S. Sections 9. 1 to 9. 6 of D and S cover issues of strategic planning that impinge upon organisation theory but are more often encountered in courses on management theory.You will benefit from reading them but they are not central to this unit. The central idea in management theory concerns the sources of what is termed sustained competitive advantage (SCA). why do some firms/organisations manage to sustain a better turn overment than their competitors, while operating in the same markets? Statistics tend to suggest that this is a common experience in many markets. Firms often earn above-average returns (loosely rents) on their assets over relatively extended periods of time. The assumption is that they have some characteristics (but which? that their competitors maintain it difficult to replicate or improve upon, at least during the time in which the advantage is sustained. From an organisational theory point of view the question to ask is are there ways of organising which can confer SCA? Notice that when an organisation possesses a competitive adva ntage, for whatever reason, then this implies that perfect competition is not operating. In so far as those running organisations seek SCA, they are trying to undermine 97 Organisation theory an interdisciplinary approach competitive forces.The early sections of D and Ss chapter show how game theory is an indispensable tool in studying competitive strategies. 10. 2 Vertical contracting and strategic choice Consider a transaction between B and S, as in Figure 10. 4. The problem is to design a contractual relationship to gain any possible rents. In terms of competitive advantage this amounts to placing the transaction on the marketorganisation continuum more effectively than the competition. Assume that there is need for relation-specific assets and a complete contract cannot be signed because of inherent uncertainties.Suppose now that B would like to persuade S to make the relation-specific investment. Ss ex ante problem is that in the absence of trust and credible promises, s/he ant icipates that, once the investment is made, B will take advantage of the situation. S anticipates that B will always be able, once the contract is entered into, to defraud contingencies not covered by the contract. By making the investment, S in effect confers bargaining power upon B who may even use this power to renegotiate the original contract (attempt to reduce the price of the good or service exchanged).S will then anticipate these example hazards and wherefore not invest the transaction will fail and both S and B will be less well off than they could be. thinking in terms of the (for the moment, one-shot) prisoners dilemma, S and B happen upon a Nash equilibrium rather than the Pareto-efficient outcome. So what can be make to achieve the Pareto superior outcome? S Figure 10. 4 B Some possibilities (neither exclusive nor exhaustive) are B makes the relation-specific investment (but then B confers bargaining power to S) B nd S make a joint investment an alliance or j oint venture S continues to make the investment but enters into a long-term contract with B (note that relation-specific investments tend to imply long-term relationships in the first place) forward or backward integration (here non-market incentives/ monitoring/authority/power/culture achieve the move from the Nash equilibrium to the Pareto outcome). But let us continue to ask that B wants to find a non-integration solution and still to encourage S to make the costly upfront relation-specific investment.S/he might do this in the recognition that S, as an independent organisation, may be relatively small, whippy and focused. S, furthermore, may be driven by a more entrepreneurial spirit than if it were to be a division or department in Bs bureaucracy. An independent S may be more innovative. Also small organisations tend to have lower labour costs (production costs). If so, then both S and B can benefit. The strategic problem is whether or not the transaction costs (ex ante and ex post) can be kept down while reaping these potential advantages.To offset Ss anticipated moral hazard problems, B necessitate to search for ways of reducing her/his own and increasing Ss relative bargaining power. To the degree that this proves possible, the strategy will offset Ss anticipated moral hazards. B need to make her/himself more dependent upon S before the contract is signed. One notable way s/he can secure this is to decentralise some design and innovation responsibilities to S. B now becomes partially dependent 98 Chapter 10 Vertical boundaries upon S. Furthermore, B can commit not only to a long-term contract but also to relatively unconditional contract renewal.These strategies do of course put B at some risk. But since we are thinking in terms of incentives to transact, you should by now recognise that risk-sharing is another aspect of the possible contracts between S and B that can be subjected to strategic reasoning. Not unreasonably, I think, assume that S is risk-averse and B is risk-neutral. So S will accept a reduction in rent in order to reduce his/her risk and, relatively speaking, B will be prepared to shoulder more risk. So, a risksharing, long-term contract can conceivably lead to a Pareto improvement. Think in terms of post-contractual price negotiation.With a fixed-cost contract any increase in Ss costs will have to be borne by S. S will be reluctant to sign such a contract. With a cost-plus contract, on the other hand, B will bear all the risks of Ss cost increases. Furthermore, S will have no incentives to hold costs down nor, perhaps more importantly, to insert in order to reduce costs. Clearly, B wants S both to inclose and, where possible, to hold down costs. It is not in Bs interests to take the risk from S and undermine these incentives. How can s/he provide appropriate incentives while reducing Ss risks and in so doing make the contract interesting to S?What B needs to do is to accept those risks of cost increases wh ich S cannot control while making S responsible for those s/he can control a tricky business. B needs to know the nature of Ss cost structure (an information problem no problem with full information but with information asymmetry it is another story) before s/he can achieve this. Of course, integration might dispel this problem but then we encounter the bureaucratic losses mentioned above. What can B do? Go back to your principalagent model (see Chapter 4). We can regard B as a principal and S as an agent.P (B) can acquire information by having more than one agent (S) operating in the same environment (in practice this is not easy). This is called multiple sourcing. It could be achieved by either multiple external sourcing or having an in-house comparator (tapered sourcing). But, of course, one needs to ask whether Bs sourcing requirements are of sufficient magnitude to reap any economies of scale across the multiple sources. If not, would it be sensible from an information leak age point of view to allow the sourcing organisation to sell to other organisations on the open market?If B has decentralised design to S then this might prove hazardous. As we have observed, long-term relationships (see Chapter 8) can invoke trust and reputation effects. Traditionally it was assumed that one of the advantages of integration into an organisation derives from the repeated interaction effects. B and S being in the same organisation, they repeatedly interact and, indeed, they will assume that there is a high enough probability that they will once again interact in the future. Thus prudent calculation can overcome the moral hazards in incomplete contracting.In game-theoretic terms B and S may play TFT (the folk theorem). B may also wish to protect her/his reputation for fair play. In short, an organisation can control and co-ordinate vertical relations by cultural means. However, long-term contracts with a continuation article also produce repeated interaction (the Jap anese were largely responsible, in the 1980s, for recognising this) and, thus, reputation and trust can be generated at other points on the marketorganisation continuum. Cultural mechanisms can operate outside formal organisations.If B and S can trust each other not to behave opportunistically, then the advantages of Ss independence and reduced transaction costs can be realised. 99 Organisation theory an interdisciplinary approach Finally, reverting to an extended value chain where Ss suppliers are also brought into the picture, we obtain the situation as in Figure 10. 5. R S B Price and market &gt &gt R S B Long-term contracts &gt &gt R S B Organisation span of co-ordination = 3 &gt &gt Figure 10. Should the whole chain be co-ordinated by integration (span of coordination) or perhaps co-ordinated by long-term contracts, etc.? If the latter, should B contract with S and R or should B contract with S and S with R? In either case we have examples of network organisation and even virtual organisation if the relationships are mediated by modern information technology. The strategic complexion of these sorts of organisation is little understood. Why dont you have a go I hope this section has given(p) you some appreciation of how to analyse organisation choices from a genuinely strategic point of view.Much of the above reasoning can be underpinned from a game-theoretic standpoint. This further supports my earlier contention that modern organisation theory often requires a knowledge of strategic thinking and game theory. A reminder of your learning outcomes On completion of this chapter and the essential reading, you should have a good sagaciousness of the following terms and concepts transaction cost economics strategic calculation. pattern examination question 1. Explain why a transaction should be placed in a market or an organisation. 100

Critical Evaluation

The purpose in writing my critical evaluation examine is to do any analysis of a writers point of view. In addition, it is to do an evaluation of the sources message. That is, what is the thesis or key mentation the author was seek to get across. I will explore the writers arguments that were offered to prove the focal idea and a summary of the authors solutions for action. It is my hope, with the critical evaluation, that l, along with the readers of my essay, will discover whether the author go forthd appropriate evidential support and the effectiveness of it.I as well pop to provide some in the altogether insight and understanding to a offspring that is so strategic to our history. This designation allowed me to research a topic that is so important to our history. I was greatly intrigued that a group of atomic scientists who were responsible for creating such a meaner of destruction were exc practice sessionding to halt the use of the atomic run out against Japan. No t solely through the lam of my critical evaluation did I learn much more or less the events that led up to the give officeing of Japan, I developed an understanding of the struggles between science, politics, and moral obligation and consequences.Moreover, to believe that if this plea could commit been written in a different way, it could stir unnatural the course of history. The difficulties I encountered during this writing assignment were ensuring I estimated it in a tenacious manner, free from emotion due to the electric shock it had on our history. I attempted throughout the process, to perform research of the topic and make myself more knowledgeable of the events that led up to the beg and what took place after. I also had to ensure that while doing a critical evaluation off topic does non mean to be negative.But rather, it meaner being objective and well- informed. I enjoyed this assignment because it allowed me to revisit a topic in history that had such a huge impact. Although, I was aware of the author and who he was, I was not aware of the importance of this supplicant and how it could have changed the course of history. This assignment allowed me to evaluate an important part of history, pose and challenge questions about the topic, and see the long suits and weaknesses of a particular point of view.The article I chose is social lion Galliards Petition to the death chair. As I stated previously, I chose this essay because of its huge impact on history, the struggle teen moral obligation and politics, and how the history course of events could have been altered had this article been written differently. Furthermore, with this article, it was easy for me to see the use of ethos versus pathos and the implications of the authors writing style.Michael Martinez Professor Shields ENGLE 102 Effectiveness in Writing 24 May 2013 In 1945, when it became public that the Truman administration planned on victimization atomic go bads against Japa n, a group of scientists, many who had worked on the project, decided to protest. guide by Leo Sailor, a petition was written to the president or his fellow scientists to consider. It asked the chairman to rule that the United States shall not, in the present contour of the war, resort to the use of atomic bombs (Sailor, par. 1).Galliards arguments expressed in the petition lacked the bearing and persuasion needed to convince the President that the use of the atomic bomb against Japan was unjustifiable due to the lack of facts presented, the numerous fallacies found at bottom the writing, and the failure to express the free weight that their arguments held in the decision. In Leo Galliards petition to the President, the author repeatedly utilizes the appeal f pathos, expressing the ideas in a way that invokes emotion and feelings from the audience, particularly the president. Galliards states Atomic power will provide the nations with new meaner of destruction.The atomic bombs at our disposal represent only the first maltreat in this direction and there is almost no limit to the detrimental power which will become available in the course of this development. hence a nation which sets the precedent of using these newly liberated forces of genius for purposes of destruction may have to bear the responsibility of peeing the accession to an era of devastation on an unimaginable scale (Sailor, par. 5). Here, Sailor was onerous to describe to the President that the results of using the atomic bomb would not only affect Japan, but ultimately the United States.Not only would the United States have to bear responsibility of having unleashed this atomic power, she would feel the effects of it when it would be utilize, inevitably, against another(prenominal) countries in the future. The authors overuse of pathos made his appeal less convince and failed to convince President Truman that the use of atomic bombs against Japan was unwarranted. If Sailor had ap pealed to the President with the use of ethos, it would have made a more successful petition and proved his credibility as an expert.The lack of facts presented and the failure to express the weight that their arguments held weakened their petition. For example, as creators of the atomic bomb, they were aware of the specific catastrophic effects, including ray of light poisoning. This is information that only the scientists knew and excluding it created a huge defect in their petition. A petition based on the scientists logic and expertise would have proven far more effective. Excluding critical information that only the scientists knew should have been used as the briny incentive to persuade the President.Not addressing the fact that it was them who created the atomic bomb and they knew of its enormous destruction capabilities, was a key point that should have been addressed. The petitioners occur use of pathos and pleas of emotion and moral obligation diverted the logical truth s of their arguments. A factual representation of the have ultimately changed the course of history. Leo Sailor and his fellow co-signers did not prevent the bombings of Hiroshima ND Nagasaki, thus, proving that the arguments of the scientists failed to hold the strength needed to prevent the worlds first nuclear catastrophe.The choice of words and main points could have been more powerful. A more dramatic impact efficiency have changed the way history played out. If the scientists would have gone about the bombings in complete opposition rather than attempting to dictate policy, they might have been successful. Works Cited Sailor, Leo and Cosigners. A Petition to the President of the United States. Authenticator. Com. 2011. Web. 11 May 2012.

Analysis of Nextcard.Inc

Nectar, Inc. Jeremy Lent lunched a company named Nectar. Inc. Aims to earn capital by helping people get attribute card more(prenominal) conveniently. further there is two huge flaws in this strategy, first, the way nectar to obtain new customers proved to be much higher than the foretell Lent had origin in ally projected. Second, the people who signed up for the Neckband credit card proved to be much higher credit venture than Lent had expected. So, the result is big bad debts. But the company officials thus far Insist that theIncreasing allowance for bad debts Is caused by hackers and opposite Internet miscreants. and then in late 2001, they got a large class-action lawsuit by the unfounded Investors. While the true(a) big problem Is what the audit partner doubting Thomas Trigger did. In dress to make the workspaces appear as If the addling teams had been unspoiled on the mark all along, he modifying the workspaces and scour the evidences. Instead of scour the evidenc e, Triggers low-level gave It to federal authoresses. I think the audit Issue we should concern about Is the destroying of documents.As It Is tell In the paragraph, the financial markets depend on the integrity of attenders, lawyers and other professionals to do their jobs ethically and fairly. If they fail to do so, the damage is huge, and the mistake is unforgivable. But I didnt appreciate what Outrages pendant did. He should at least bear his superior not to do this. He pretend to be follow the bosss order while do another thing behind wishers put up is kind of betraying. On the other side, Trigger is incompetent to be a good mentor. He didnt teach his subordinate to be honest auditor.Whether the auditor should evaluate the soundness of a clients business model is depends on the stain of the auditor. If the clients asked about the suggestions, they can give some advices. If they are not been asked to do, I think the business model is out of an auditors obligations. Analys is of Nectar. Len By redeem So, the result is big bad debts. But the companys officials still insist that the change magnitude allowance for bad debts is caused by hackers and other Internet investors. While the real big problem is what the audit partner Thomas Trigger did.In order to make the workspaces appear as if the auditing teams had been right on the mark all along, he modifying the workspaces and scour the evidences. Instead of scour the evidence, Triggers subordinate gave it to federal authorities. I think the audit issue we should concern about is the destroying of documents. As it is said in other professionals to do their Jobs ethically and fairly. If they fail to do so, the Triggers subordinate did. He should at least persuade his superior not to do this. He didnt teach his subordinate to be honest auditor. Whether the auditor should

Pak Elektronic Limited

Case Report Pak Electronic Limited Converting Systems to ERP Executive sum-up Pak Elektron Limited (picture element), a large manufacturer of consumer home appliances and power transformers, initiated an training form conversion to a tier 1 enterprise imagery planning (ERP) formation in 2007. After the Phase I of carrying into action by 2011, Pak Elektron was facing a runniness crisis that hindered effectuation of further modules. legacy systems were still being widely used, and staff had grown uncomfortable and repellant to change.The contents of this case report include problem identification, finding criteria evaluation, election analysis, and recommendation. Those aforementioned sections depart send Pak Elektrons problems in their project management, their cypher forecasting and planning, their pecuniary patronise, and their human resources and information system death penalty. Based on those problems and our analysis, four alternatives were identified, and the option of a Phased Module ERP executing was recommended.Pak Elektron Limited ( pixel) had everyplace a hundred different systems being used internally, mostly in-house essential stand-alone applications, with some multi-user applications interspersed. Independent carrying into actions and systems promoted the lack of integrating and alike(p) describe, as well as poor quality and timeliness of data. first-class honours degree in 2007, PEL had started converting its information systems to prophesiers EBS Tier 1 ERP system. Problem Identification cat Management Since the resignation of Atif Ameen, PEL has lacked a project champion with extensive experience in IT operation and system implementation.In addition, the estimated implementation period had extended beyond the proposed 2 years, which has change magnitude cost and economic uncertainty for the come with. Budget Forecasting and Planning PEL had poor budget forecasting and analysis, which resulted in insufficient shor t-term assets to support the purchasing of necessary equipment, training costs, and consultancy costs. Financial issues PEL faced a short-term liquidity crisis, and did non have the fiscal heart for respectable system implementation. To mitigate this, some bank loan repayments were hiatusructured in 2010 to exert cash flow in response to the liquidity crisisHuman Resources Staff were distasteful to a systems change. New skills were required, which meant that staffs expertise with the legacy systems were inconsequential. team spirit was low, which resulted in experienced staff leaving the company. Likewise, the IT department encountered a match betwixt legitimate and needed skill set, resulting in unsanded hires and increase project duration due to this transition. Salary discrepancies with old staff and new hires also resulted in high turnover within the IT department data Systems Implementation The implementation process was ineffective and inefficient.PEL needed to spe nd excess resources to run parallel implementation, as numerous system functions were not support. critical/Decision Criteria Cost infrastructure, systems, implementation, maintenance (40%) Cost is the most important decision criterion for PEL. Due to the numerous financial problems that the company has experienced, including a liquidity crisis, it is important that the proposed solution is cost-efficient with regards to infrastructure support, purchasing new systems, implementing systems, and musical accompaniment system maintenance.Integration among ancestry silos and processes (35%) PEL has 25 branches in Pakistan, therefore, communication between the branches and with the central database is necessary. The solution needs to support or improve the integration of as to allow PEL to shorten the time required to develop useful information for timely decision-making. In addition, the solution needs to unify up all the branches with the central database in a better vane structur e as to reduce the internal e-mail traffic. Quality and truth of data (10%)The proposed solution needs to address PELs antecedent problems of double-entry, frequent reconciliations, and other issues concerning the quality and accuracy of data. Ideally, the solution lead either mitigate the systems that impede quality and accuracy, remove them, or improve them. rough-and-ready and timely implementation (10%) Unexpected changes in business operations school principal to disruptive structural changes during systems implementation. Such changes apprize add complexity and deferred the progress, which means longer the time of implementation and higher risk of failure.The proposed system will need to be effective and timely with regards to implementation to mitigate this risk. real-time and useful financial reporting (5%) This criteria addresses PELs need for the system to create a more real-time and useful financial reporting system that is standardized across the organization in order to follow out reporting standards, and promote greater financial decision making. Alternatives 1. Phased Module ERP implementation PEL is being stretched thin many areas due to external factors, and their broad-based systems implementation plan, which was demonstrated in Phase I.Within Phase I, they took a look at 18 different systems, and only managed the implementation of five. PEL needs an nimble action phase-it-in strategy as to focus all of its implementation into the financial reporting Oracle suite. The organization has 5 systems implemented further implementation in this area will be more cost-effective and time-efficient. Furthermore, avocation this implementation, all legacy systems with regards to financial reporting will be removed, and the rest of the project will be re-assessed until implementation of other business suites is feasible. 2.Recall Oracle system, and take a look at other module and ERP options full full general ERPs, like Oracles EBS system, shar e a alike weakness they are made for general organizations, and therefore may not accommodate a specialise fit. PEL has other options with regards to systems implementation and selection, such as development custom ERP software package based on the current legacy system that disrupts the business model as little as possible. PEL can also purchase and implement separate, more specialized suites such as Salesforce for CRM, a cloud based accounting system for financial reporting (Wave), amongst others.It terms of cost, this is an expensive option as customized ERP software is extremely expensive and requires development time. Purchasing individual modules for certain business functions will also be more expensive than a general system due to reduced bundle savings. A customized ERP system will help the silos reintegrate more efficiently due to more in-line processes supported within the system. Customizable modules would ideally improve efficiency of each individual silo. 3. rich rollout of ERP modules Implementation of Phase II and III Budget is the biggest constraint in this option.However, this will ensure full migration away from legacy systems, and will address the concern of generating standardized reports and ensuring data quality. Although data integration may be achieved, PEL should expect high resistance from staff. With full rollout, PEL has the options of a. Hiring/developing in-house expertise to lead implementation of Phase II and III b. Re-hiring AFF tribute Systems conversion risks could have been mitigated had PEL properly planned the ERP migration. Project management was poor and did not assess the full needs and requirements of the company as a whole.Alternative 1, Phased Module ERP implementation, is the best option for PEL. Once the financial systems have been properly implemented (whether in-house or through consultants), PEL can then take a regroup strategy and reassess their situation. If the long-term implementation of the financ e suite is successful, then they can move onward with reduced employee resistance. If the changes in productivity are minor, PEL can exact to avoid implementing systems in other business functions, and avoid disruption the silos. The goals of integration and timeliness of data will be achieved.